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PSYC 104 > General Final Study Deck > Flashcards

General Final Study Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is Falsifiability

A

A theory is capable of being disproved, A theorist must clearly state which findings account as evidence for and against their claim

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2
Q

Explain the Correlation vs Causation fallacy

A

The error of assuming that because someone thinks something is associated with another thing, it must CAUSE the other

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3
Q

What is Occam’s Razor

A

If two explanations account equally for a phenomena, we should generally select the more simple explanation

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4
Q

Finish this sentence- Extraordinary claims require __________ __________

A

Extraordinary Evidence

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5
Q

Explain what Scientific Skepticism is

A

The approach to evaluating claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them as true

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6
Q

What two ingredients make up an experiment?

A

Random Assignment and an Independent Variable

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7
Q

Which variable is being manipulated: The dependent variable or the independent one?

A

The Independent. Think MIM “Manipulated Independent Variable”

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8
Q

What is Localization of Function Referring to?

A

Refers to the specialization of different brain regions for specific functions or processes (amygdala= fear response)

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9
Q

Lateralization refers to:

A

the specialization of functions in the left and right hemispheres in the brain

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10
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

A process that involves the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, often associated with learning and memory.

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11
Q

What is Consolidation

A

The process by which memories are stabilized and strengthened after initial encoding. transfer of short term memory to long term memory

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12
Q

What are the 3 Monoamines? What is their primary function?

A

Send No Danger, Deliver Happiness
(Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin; Pleasure)

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13
Q

What Stage of sleep are you most likely to remember your dreams if you wake up in?

A

REM

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14
Q

The Somatosensory system is responsible for processing what type of information?

A

Pain

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15
Q

What stage of sleep involves sleep spindles?

A

Stage 2, Bursts of rapid brain activity; said to play a role in memory consolidation and information processing during sleep

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16
Q

What type of drug results in decreased CNS activity?

A

Depressants

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17
Q

Are Heroin, Marijuana, and Nicotine all considered Psychoactive drugs?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What Is the Law of effect?

A

The principle states that if a stimulus is followed by a behavior that results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

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19
Q

Long term potentiation refers to:

A

Repeated and synchronous firing of neurons which strengthens the synaptic connections between them, leading to enhanced communication and signal transmission

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20
Q

Dissociative Fugue is:

A

A disorder characterized by sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work and an inability to recall ones past, often accompanied by confusion about personal identity or assumption of a new identity

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21
Q

Retrograde Amnesia is:

A

The type of amnesia characterized by the loss of memories for events or information that occurred before the onset of amnesia

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22
Q

Dissociative Amnesia is:

A

A dissociative disorder characterized by significant memory loss that cannot be attributed to normal forgetfulness. Loss of memory for a specific period of time, traumatic events, or personal information

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23
Q

Anterograde Amnesia is:

A

A condition characterized by the inability to form new memories after the onset of the amnesia, while memories performed before the onset remain intact

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24
Q

The Hippocampus is responsible for:

A

The formation and consolidation of declarative memories, which include facts and events. Taking in memories and moving them into long term memory

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25
Q

The amygdala is responsible for:

A

It is involved in processing emotions and emotional memories. The amygdala is associated with feelings associated with events

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26
Q

Infantile Amnesia refers to:

A

The Inability to retrieve accurate memories from the first few years of life

27
Q

What is the Canon Bard Theory

A

Proposes that emotional experience occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal, rather than one causing another.

28
Q

The James-Lange Theory of emotion suggests:

A

That emotions arise from our interpretation of our physiological reactions to stimuli.

29
Q

The Somatic Marker Theory suggest what about emotions?

A

Emotions are guided by the bodily responses associated with gut feelings, according to this theory, emotions arise from the activation of somatic markers, these somatic markers influence decision-making and behavior

30
Q

The Two Factor theory of emotion ssuggests:

A

That emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. According to this theory, emotions are determined by the interaction between physiological arousal and the cognitive appraisal of the situation.

31
Q

A Schema is:

A

A mental representation that helps organize and interpret information.

32
Q

A Manipulator in terms of body movement is:

A

A specific type of non-verbal behavior that involves self-touching/self-manipulation. Playing with hair, fidgeting, biting nails

33
Q

An Emblem in terms of non-verbal communication is:

A

A non-verbal gesture that has a specific meaning to a particular culture or group (shrugging shoulders, rolling eyes, thumbs up)

34
Q

Describe The Discrete Emotions Theory

A

People experience a small number of distinct emotions, and each emotion is associated with a set of genetically influenced physiological responses that are essentially the same in everyone

35
Q

In the context of emotions, what is the term “Display Rules” describing?

A

Societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions

36
Q

Describe the cognitive theory of emotions

A

Stimuli–> Thoughts–> Emotions

37
Q

Describe the James Lange Theory of Emotions

A

Stimuli –> Body reaction –> Interpretation–> Emotion

38
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

A

Stimuli leads to simultaneous body reactions and emotion

39
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

Stimuli–> Arousal –> Interpretation–> Emotion

40
Q

The Broaden and Build Theory of happiness is:

A

Happiness predisposes us to think more openly and allows us to see the “big picture”

41
Q

When lying, the non-verbal trends people usually follow is:

A
  • Increased Manipulators
  • Increased emblems
  • Decreased Illustrators
42
Q

In terms of Motivation, the Drive Reduction Theory States:

A
  • That drives have the evolutionary purpose of ensuring survival and reproduction
  • We are motivated to maintain a level of psychological homeostasis
43
Q

In terms of Motivation, the Incentive Theories say that:

A

People are often motivated by positive goals, guided by intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors

44
Q

In the Brain, hunger cues are regulated by the ________

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

Sexual Desire in relationships is associated with:

A

Age, Length of relationship, Culture

46
Q

Interpersonal Attraction is defined as:

A

Attitudinal positivity based on affective and cognitive evaluation of another person

47
Q

The three principles of attraction are:

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Reciprocity
48
Q

Types of love are arranged on a triangle. The three points are:

A
  • Intimacy
  • Commitment
  • Passion
49
Q

The love that equally has Intimacy, Commitment, and Passion is called:

A

Consummate Love

50
Q

What are the three types of memory?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Short-term
  3. Long-Term
51
Q

Is Sensory Memory brief?

A

Yes, but allows us to see the world as an unbroken stream

52
Q

What are the two types of Sensory Memory?

A
  1. Iconic Memory (perceiving a recording of a memory, not stills)
  2. Echoic Memory (ability to hear echo’s of a sound)
53
Q

What is the “Magic Number” in short term memory?

A

7, +/- 2

54
Q

What increases the duration of short-term memory?

A

Rehearsal: 2 types:
- Maintenance Rehearsal
- Elaborative Rehearsal

55
Q

There are 3 levels of processing, they are what? most shallow to deepest

A
  1. Visual (most shallow)
  2. Phonological (less shallow)
  3. Semantic (deepest)
56
Q

What are the two explanations for short-term memory loss?

A
  • Decay
  • Interference
57
Q

Errors in long term memory tend to be:

A

semantic

58
Q

Explicit long term memory is:

A

Memories we can recall intentionally, and we are consciously aware of. There are two types: Semantic and Episodic

59
Q

Implicit Memories are:

A

Long-term memories that we do not deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

60
Q

Explain the Primacy and Recency Effects

A

Primacy: Out tendency to remember earlier stimuli (the beginning of a list)
Recency: Our tendency to remember more recent stimuli (the end of a presentation)

61
Q

Define Source Monitoring

A

Efforts to identify the origins of our memories and which information source provided the information

62
Q

What are some examples of source monitoring errors?

A
  1. Imagination Inflation
    - Confusing an event we imagine with one that already happened
  2. Cryptomnesia
    - Belief that an idea originated by someone else is ourown
63
Q

A persons memory abilities are measured by evaluating:

A

recognition, recall, and relearning

64
Q

When you remember something new by connecting it to something you already know, you are using:

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

PSYC 104 (6 decks)

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