General features Flashcards
What are 3 cranial meninges?
1) Dura mater (line skull)
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater (line brain)
What are 2 layers of dura mater?
1) Endosteal (outer)
2) Meningeal (inner)
Which mater is invisible to naked eye?
Pia mater
State arterial supply to brain (3)?
1) Internal carotid system (pair of carotid arteries).
2) Vertebro-basilar system (pair of vertebral arteries).
3) Circle of Willis (association 2 systems)
State venous drainage of brain (2)?
1) Cerebral veins
2) Dural venous sinuses
Label
What are sulci?
What are gyri?
Sulci- grooves
Gyri- bumps
Function of cerebellum?
Motor control posture, muscle tone, movement co-ordination
Function occipital lobes?
Primary visual cortex
Where is primary somatosensory cortex located?
Function?
Parietal lobe- post central gyrus
Motor skills
Where is hippocampus and amygdala located?
Temporal lobe
Where is wernicke’s area located?
Where is broca’s area located?
Wernickes- temporal lobe, language comprehension
Brocas- frontal cortex, speech production
Patient know what say but can’t produce words what is damaged?
Where?
Broca’s area
Frontal cortex
Patient can produce words but doesn’t make sense?
Where?
Wernickes
Temporal lobe
Function and location of insula?
Deep lateral sulcus
Risk and reward
What connects the two hemispheres?
Corpus collosum
Label
Function?
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
Label
label
especially broca wernicke
Function of parietal lobe?
Which colour
Process sensory info
Pink
Function frontal lobe?
What is found here?
Motor function
Brocas area- language- damaged limited words
Blue
Function temporal lobe?
What is found here?
Which colour?
Process auditory info
Wernickes- damaged can’t form sentences but understand
Auditory cortex
Purple
Where is auditory cortex found?
Which colour
Temporal lobe
Purple
Function occipital lobe?
Which colour
Primary visual and visual association cortex
Green
Function of hippocampus?
Long term memory formation
Function amygdala?
Reward and fear
Label
Where are dural venous sinuses located?
Between periosteal and meningeal layers
Where do all dural venous sinuses ultimately drain?
Internal jugular vein
Explain drainage brain?
1) Straight, superior and inferior saggital sinus converge at confluence of sinus
2) Transverse sinus curves into sigmoid which meets internal jugular vein
Where is CSF located?
Subarachnoid space (cisterns)
Between arachnoid and pia
Between which dura is CSF fluid found?
Subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid and pia
Label
What dura is involved in BBB?
Pia mater
How is BBB adapted to function? (4)
1) Adjacent endothelial cells bonded tight junctions- prevent molecules passing between them
2) Basement membrane unfenestrated
3) Pericytes in BM- regulate capillary blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability
4) Astrocytes extend processes- restrict flow of molecules into CNS
Function pericytes?
Regulate capillary blood flow, immunity and vascular permeability
State meninges in order?
Dura (outside)
Arachnoid
Pia (inside)
DAP
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of meninges
Where is extradural haemorage?
Where is subdural haemorrage?
Where is a subarachnoid haemorrage?
Extradural- skull and dura
Subdural- dura and arachnoid
Subarachnoid- arachnoid and pia mater
What is most likely cause of berry aneurysm?
Subarachnoid haemorrage
What 3 things make up BBB?
1) Endothelial cells of capillaries
2) Basement membrane-lie between endothelial cells and astrocytic end
3) Astrocytic end-feet themselves
What prevents passage of substances from circulation into nervous tissue?
BBB
How does arterial blood arrive to skull?
1) Internal carotid arteries (20%)
2) Vertebral artery (80%)
Draw circle of willis?
Why is circle of willis important?
If blockage at one point theoretically still supply
What arteries supply blood to cerebrum? What bits
Anterior- medial
Middle- lateral
Posterior- medial and lateral posterior parts
Outline venous drainage of brain?
What are two types venous drainage?
Superficial and deep
Outline superficial venous drainage?
Superior cerebral veins drains into superior saggital sinus
Superficial middle cerebral vein drain via anastomotic vein into superior saggital sinus, transverse sinus (middle), cavernous sinus (internal)
Outline deep venous drainage?
Internal cerebral veins and basal veins unite form great cerebral vein
Great cerebral vein drains into straight sinus
What 3 sinuses does the superficial middle cerebral vein drain into?
1) Superior saggital sinus
2) Transverse sinus (middle)
3) Cavernous sinus (internal)
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricles
What is drainage of CSF?
1) Lateral ventricles
2) Munroe
3) Third ventricle
4) Cerebral aqueduct
5) Fourth ventricle
Give 3 functions of CSF?
1) Protection- act cushion
2) Buoyancy
3) Chemical stability
Label
Label colour
Yellow- Putamen
Yellow end green- amygdala
Green- caudate nucleus
Blue- ventricles
Label
State pathway of CSF?
1) Lateral ventricle
2) Interventricular foramen of Munroe
3) Third ventricle
4) Cerebral aqueduct
5) Fourth ventricle
6) Median foramen magendie and lateral foramen of luschka (M is medial) (L is lateral)
7) Subarachnoid
Function arachnoid granulations?
Reabsorb CSF
How is CSF reabsorbed?
Via arachnoid granulations
