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Endocrine Physiology > General Endocrine > Flashcards

General Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

regulate: energy breakdown and storage, reproduction sexual and gamete development and behavior, growth-proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal, and internal milieu- composition of body fluids, electrolytes, acid-base, and glucose

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2
Q

What are the multifactorial aspects of regulation in the endocrine system?

A

a hormone can regulate multiple functions and each function can be controlled by several hormones

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3
Q

What are the four major classes of hormone precursor molecules?

A

protein, cholesterol, AA and FA

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4
Q

What can protein precursors become when deriving hormones? examples of each.

A

protein- GH, FSH, LH (LH and FSH are 2 polypeptides); Cleave or processed peptide- ACTH, ADH, PTH, and oxytocin; AA cleavage for thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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5
Q

What can AA precursors become when deriving hormones? examples of each.

A

tripeptide-TRH and modified AA- NE and Epi

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6
Q

What can Cholesterol precursors become when deriving hormones? examples.

A

steroid- cortisol, androgens, and estrogens

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7
Q

What can FA precursors become when deriving hormones? examples

A

retinoids, Vit D3, Eicosanoids - 1-25OH Vit D3 and Prostagandins

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8
Q

What is a endocrine gland?

A

conglomeration of source cells that produce a specific hormone

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9
Q

How are hormones effects limited to target cells?

A

target cells respond because they have the receptor for the hormone, cells without the receptor are unaffected directly, hormone must come in direct physical contact with target cell receptor

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10
Q

Where are receptors located for hormones?

A

polypeptide hormone receptors on cell surface; steroid hormone receptors either cytoplasm or in nucleus

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11
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

through the blood; steroids are bound to a protein

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12
Q

What are the salient features of hormones and their target cells?

A

binding is saturable and reversible, use second messengers, response elicited determined by target cell and not type of second messenger, can only slow or speed up an existing process not create a new process, rarely process sensitive to only one hormone, hormones usually have multiple actions in multiple sites

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13
Q

Why have input from multiple hormones?

A

redundancy of function, safety net, ensures maintenance of internal environment under diverse conditions (homeostasis)

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14
Q

The same precursor can be used for different hormones. How is this achieved?

A

the enzymes in the different glands break the precursor molecule up differently

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15
Q

What is the function of hormone binding globulins?

A

bind while circulating in plasma; increase half life and assure uninterrupted delivery, no function while bound free hormone (active form) binds to receptor and is in equilibrium with hormones bound to globulins so they are released upon demand; synthesized mostly in the liver

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16
Q

What happens to a hormone after binding to a receptor and eliciting response?

A

action terminated, metabolized to give additional precusors to produce more hormones for local or systemic actions, selectively degraded to prevent local action or metabolized to inactive forms that are eliminated

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17
Q

In breakdown of hormones, what is the difference between peptide and steroid?

A

peptide- bind to receptor, endocytosed and degraded in a lysosome; steroid- metabolized to inactive analogs or converted to water soluble forms for secretion

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18
Q

What is the difference between steroids/thyroids and peptides and catecholamines in storage capability?

A

S/T-minimal except thyroids; P/C-Yes

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19
Q

What is the difference between steroids/thyroids and peptides and catecholamines in binding proteins?

A

S/T- always; P/C- uncommon

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20
Q

What is the difference between steroids/thyroids and peptides and catecholamines in half life?

A

S/T- Long hours to days; P/C- short minutes

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21
Q

What is the difference between steroids/thyroids and peptides and catecholamines in action mechanism?

A

S/T- direct, no second messenger, transcriptional; P/C- indirect, second messengers, transcriptional and translational

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22
Q

What are the classes of polypeptide receptors?

A

GPCR and enzyme-linked (dimerization; activates intrinsic kinase or recruits and activates associated kinase)

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23
Q

What is the function of the alpha subunit in Gs? Gi? Gq?

A

Gs- activates andenylate cyclase; Gi- inhibits cyclase, Gq- activates phospholipase Cbeta

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24
Q

After being activated by alpha subunit of the Gq GPCR what does phospholipase C do?

A

cleave PIP2 to DAG and IP3; then DAG and Ca activate PKCwhich is recruited to plasma membrane

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25
Q

What do GKR and arrestin do?

A

GRK phosphorylates only activated GPCR because it is activated by GPCR; arrestin binds to phosphorylated GPCR and prevents its binding to G protein and induces endocytosis

26
Q

What are the three distinct domains of polypeptide intracellular receptors? function?

A

AF-1 (activation function) domain at amino terminus and AF2 at carboxy terminus which activate transcription; DBD (DNA binding domain) bind specific DNA motifs; LBD (ligand binding domain) binds the hormone, CoA and CoR- coactivators and suppressors that modify transcription rate

27
Q

What are two important domains in intracellular receptors other than the distinct domains?

A

NLS- nuclear localization sequence, targets protein to the nucleus; DMD- dimerization domain, links two receptors together for DNA binding

28
Q

What are the differences between heterodimeric and homodimeric intracellular receptors?

A

homo- binds hormone in the cytoplasm, idle receptor kept in inactive state by inhibitors bound to hormone binding site which are dissociated by the hormone, use NLS to translocate to nucleus; hetero- are in the nucleus, not understood how they are kept idle

29
Q

What are examples of homodimeric receptors?

A

estrogen, progesterone, androgen, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid

30
Q

What are examples of heterodimeric receptors?

A

thyroid, retinoic acid and Vitamin D

31
Q

In the example of estrogen receptors how does the co-repressor keep it in an inactivated state?

A

CoR recruits HDAC (histone deacetylases) which maintain histones in a deacetylated state which favors chromatin condensation

32
Q

How does estrogen binding cause activation of the receptor and transcription?

A

results in a conformational change in AF2 that facilitates interaction with CoA which bind HAT (histone acetyltranferase); acetylation of histones leads to chromatin decondensation facilitating transcriptional activation; AF1 and AF2 activate transcription independently or synergistically

33
Q

What are three ways or places affected that cause hormone resistance can occur?

A

abnormal hormone, receptor defect, post receptor mechanism

34
Q

What hormones receptors are known to have genetic defects that destroy either receptor specificity or receptor binding?

A

glucocorticoids, T3 and T4, DHT, Vitamin D3, ADH, GH and TSH

35
Q

What are the different places/mechanisms that can cause hypofunction of a hormone?

A

destruction or block at the gland, block from prohormone to hormone, stimulation of degradation process (decreasing 1/2 life), antibodies and antagonists affecting receptors, defect in receptor, effector system or response, or tissue damage effecting the response

36
Q

What are the different places/mechanisms that can cause hyperfunction of a hormone?

A

tumor or hyperplasia at the gland, ectopic production or Iatrogenic of prohormone or hormone, block of degradation (increasing half life), antibodies/agonists stimulating receptors, stimulation of receptor, effector or response element, and tissue damage like precursor of response in excess

37
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hypofunction due to destruction of endocrine glands?

A

autoimmune disease; type I diabetes, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, gonadal failure

38
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hypofunction due to extra-glandular disorders?

A

effecting absorption and metabolism of hormone; defective conversion of 25D3 to 1,25 D3; deficiency of 5alpha-reductase resulting in impaired DHT from T

39
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hypofunction due to specific defects in hormone biosynthesis and transport?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency syndrome causing defective cortisol production, dietary iodine deficiency results in deficient thyroid hormone biosynhtesis

40
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hyperfunction due to endocrine tumors?

A

pituitary causing overproduction of ACTH, GH, PRL, TSH, LF, FSH

41
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hyperfunction due to ectopic tumor?

A

tumors produce hormones (ACTH, ADH and calcitonin)

42
Q

What are examples of conditions of caused by hyperfunction due to anti-receptor antibodies?

A

autoimmune stimulation results in production of antibodies that stimulate TSH receptor causing hyperthyroidism

43
Q

What is TRH?

A

thyrotopin releasing hormone

44
Q

What is CRH?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

45
Q

What is GHRH?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

46
Q

What is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

47
Q

What is SS?

A

somatostatin

48
Q

What is TSH?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

49
Q

What is ACTH?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

50
Q

What is PRL?

A

Prolactin

51
Q

What is GH?

A

growth hormone

52
Q

What is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

53
Q

What is LH?

A

luteininzing hormone

54
Q

What is DHT

A

dihydro-testosterone

55
Q

What is ER?

A

estrogen

56
Q

What is T?

A

testosterone

57
Q

What is T3 and T4?

A

thyroid hormones

58
Q

What types of control are endocrine glands under?

A

most neuroendocrine, some metabolic (by metabolite)

59
Q

What effect does CNS play with endocrine system?

A

endocrine can affect CNS (mood, anxiety, or behavior); CNS controls release of master hormones (releasing hormones) from hypothalamus these can be stimulatory or inhibitory

60
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A

stimulate or inhibit the secretion of tropic hormones from the pituitary which cause the release of organ/target hormones or ultimate hormones

61
Q

What do target hormones do?

A

act on target cells throughout the body; exert feedback control on hypothalamus and pituitary (usually negative) or metabolite from target cells feeds back on the gland itself

Endocrine Physiology (9 decks)

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