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General diagnosis p2 Flashcards

1
Q

Jugular venous pulsation

A
  • measures the pressure of right side of heart.
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2
Q

pulsus magnus

A
  • bounding
  • increased cardiac output
  • execise
  • anxiety
  • fever
  • hyperthyroidsm
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3
Q

pulsus parvus

A
  • weak
  • decreased stroke volume
  • hypovolemia
  • aortic stenosis
  • chf
    *
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4
Q

pulsus alterans

A
  • alternates in amplitude
  • left ventricle failure
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5
Q

pulsus bisferiens

Best felt where

A
  • 2 strong systolic peaks sperated by mild systolic dip
  • best felt in caroted artery
  • aortic regurgitation
  • aortic stenosis
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6
Q

oulsus paradoxus

A
  • decreased amplitude on inspiration
  • increased with expiration
  • copd
  • bronchial asthma
  • emphysma
  • pericardia effusion
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7
Q

water hammer pulse

A
  • jery pulse that is rapidly increaseing and then collapsing because of aortic insufficiency
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8
Q

trhrills

A
  • vibration produced by turbulent blood flow within the heart
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9
Q

what contracts on systole

A

ventricle

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10
Q

what happens in diastole

A

ventricles rest and they are filling

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11
Q

heart sound S1

A
  • lub
  • closure of of AV valves
  • mitral and tricuspid
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12
Q

Heart sound : S2

A
  • dub
  • closure of semilunar valve
  • pulmonary and aortic
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13
Q

Heart sound : S3

A
  • ventricular gallop
  • normal in children, young adults and athletes
  • early sign of CHF
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14
Q

Heart sound: S4

A
  • atrial gallop
  • similar to S3 , related to stiffness of ventricular myocardium to rapid filling
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15
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : aortic valve

A
  • right sternal border at 2nd intercostal space
  • best when patient is seated leaning forward or exhaling
    *
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16
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : pulmonic valve

A
  • left sternal border at 2nd intercostal
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17
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : tricuspid

A
  • left sternal border at the 4th or 5th intercostal
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18
Q

location of cardiac auscultation : mitral valve

A
  • mid clavicular at 5th intercostal space
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19
Q

Murmurs: stenosis

A
  • valve has trouble opening and the blood swirls through a narrow opening
  • low pitch sound and best heard with the bell of stethoscope
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20
Q

Murmurs: regurgitation

A
  • valve is insufficient and blood seeps or squirts back into the chamber
  • this murmur has a high pitch and best hear with the diaphram of the stethoscope
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21
Q

what is the mnemonic for heart murmurs?

A
  • ARMS PRTS
  • this is in DIASTOLE
  • when doing systole
  • it is opossite: change regurgitatiion to stensis
  • instead of ARMS PRTS, in systole, it is ASMR PSTR
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22
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus
* detail

A
  • failure of shunt to close between the aorta and left pulmonary artery
  • creates a continuous/machinery like murmur that can be heard in both phases of heart cycle
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23
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  • DRIP : dextraposition of aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect m pulmonary stenosis
  • creates a loud ejection murmur during sytole and severe cyanosis
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24
Q

coactation of aorta
* detail
* associated w/ what?

A
  • constriction of the descending aorta (usually distal to lefty subclavian
  • causes higher blood pressure in the upper extremity by 20mm hg when compared to lower extremity
  • associated with marfan syndrome
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25
Sublcavian steal syndrome
* proximal stenosis of sublavian artery * seen in younger females who faint while exercising * narrowing of proximal Vertebral artery
26
left sided heart failure * detail * mcc * fluid where? * age
* 35-55 * MCC is hypertension * 2nd mcc is aortic stenosis * early sign = pulmonary edema ( fluid in lungs ) causing shortness of breath and orthopnea * fluid in costophrenic angle * LEFT = LUNG * left ventricle squeeze harder, it gets bigger, big is bad
27
Right sided heart failure * MCC * where does blood go? * symptoms? * what happens to heart rate? * and bp
* MCC left sided HF * MCC of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever * bascks up to SVC and down to the IVC * edema and fluid in extremities, jugular venous distension SVC, liver sleep enlargement hepatojugular reflex, ascitis, caput mesude spider angioma, pitting edema, stasis dermatitis * increased heart rate, s3 gallop, decreased blood pressure
28
Cor pulmonale
* when right side fails by itself
29
Aortic dissection * detail * symtom
* Detail : interruption of the intima allowing blood into the vessel wall * symtom: immediate tearing pain
30
Marfan;s syndrome * detail * symptom * management
* detail : inherited connective tissue disorder with ventricular weaking and enlargement * symptom : tall , long fingers/limbs, lens subluxation, cardiovasuclar and lung problems * management ER
31
myocardial infraction * detail * cause * Labs
* acute heart failure * comes on w/ rest * caused by atherosclerosis * test : CK - MB elevated , increased LDH , increased SGOT
32
Aneurysm
* abnormal widening that involves all 3 layers * defect in elastic media tissues
33
P -wave
* normal atril depolarization
34
QRS complex
* depolarization of the ventricles * repolarization of the atria is hidden here
35
T wave
* repolarization of the ventricles
36
Increased PR interval
* prolonged AV nodal delay * primary heart block
37
2 p waves before QRS
* weinkbochs block of bundle of HIS * secondary heart block
38
no QRS pattern
* complete heart block * no ventricular contraction
39
ST segment is enlarged or inverted
MI acute heart failure
40
Bowel sounds :
borborygmus
41
Bowel sounds : early intestinal obstruction
increased bowel sounds
42
Bowel sounds : late intestinal obstruction
absent bower sounds adynamic ileus / paralytic ileus
43
hematemesis
vomit blood
44
hemoptysis
cough blood
45
hematochesia
blood in stool
46
Labs non specific for liver
* increased alkaline phosphates * serum glutamate oxaloacetate transanimase ( SGOT) * aspartate transanimase (AST) * lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
47
Labs speific for liver
* gamma glutaml transpeptidase ( GGT * serum glutamic pyruvic transanimase ( SGPT * Alanin transpanimase ( ALT ) = classic for liver
48
Lab for liver and kidney
* blood urea nitrogen ( BUN *
49
Jaundice
* yellowing of skin,scelra , mucous membranes, * can occur w/ any liver disorder
50
Cirrhosis * MCC * causes what * associated w/ what
* alcoholism is MCC for liver destruction * causes portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal varices * mallory weiss syndrome = cough tearing esophageal blood vessel, hematemesis = palmar rash d/t bile salts * wernicke korsakoff syndrome = thiamin deficiency from alcoholism that leads to dementia * beri beri = thiamin deficiency without alcoholism
51
Hepatitis * detail * size texture of liver * Type
* liver may be tender and enlarged but the edge remains soft and smooth * A = food, fecal , oral, self limiting , not a carrier * B = dirty needles , sexual contact , carrier for life, mc to become liver cancer * C = blood transfusion
52
Liver cancer * mc site * size texture of liver * management
* mc site for metastatic disease * enlarged , hard and irregular border * alpha fetoprotein * biopsy
53
what happens to rbc when it reaches 120 days
* when it reaches 120 days * it gets sent to the spleen * spleen cuts rbc into heme and globulin * heme gets converted to unconjucated/ indirect bilirubin in the spleen * it get sent to liver to turn into conjucated/direct bilirubin * most will be sent to gall bladder for bile and then secreted in small intesteine
54
Billirubin : conjucated / direct
* water soluble * increase w/ duct obstruction ( gall stones , hepatic dx, pancreatic cancer * increased amounts in blood may cause bilirubine in the urine
55
Billirubin : unconjucated / indirect * solubilty * increase w what * detail
* fat soluble * increases with hemolytic dx, druags and spleen disorders * hemolytic anemia, increase in reticulocyte count ( coomb's test
56
Gall bladder * where * landmark
* below right liver * right shoulder tip of right scapula
57
Cholecystits * MC seen ? Mcc * age? * symptoms Exam * test
* MC seen in overweight females, and over 40 yo * mcc is cholelithiases * sever right upper quadrant pain, nauseam vommiting , precipitated by eating a large fatty meal * muprhy sign -inspiratory arrest sign * test : diagnosit ultrasound, oral cholecystogram
58
porcelain gall baldder
* calcification that can become malignant d/t chronic inflammation
59
Pancreatitis * Detail * location * symptom * test * lab * management
* detail : seen w/ alcoholism * location : epigastric pain through T10-T12 area * symptom : like a knife * test : Grey turner sign , bleeding of flant : cullen sign = periumbilical ecchymmosis caused by inttraperitoneal hemorrahe or seen w/ a ruptured eptopic pregnancy * lab : increased amylase and lipase * management : if acute call 911
60
Pancreatic cancer * Location * symptom
* usually at the head of the pancreas * symptom : dark urine, clay color stool, jaundice
61
Diabetes mellitus * related to what? * Detail : * Symptom : * Labs :
* related to what? DISH * Detail : pancreas does not produce enough amount of insulin to take suger out of the blood and transport it to the tisuses of the body. : starved tissues are forced to use fat as energy * Symptom : polydypsia, polyphagia, and polyuria * Labs : glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma glucose, hbaic
62
Diabetes mellitus : type 1
* viral attack * under 30 * usually thin people * insulin dependent * body doesnt produce insulin
63
Diabetes mellitus : type 2
* insulin independent * body produce insulin but body ignores it and still uses fat for source of energy * adult, over 40 , obese
64
Diabetes insipidus
* condition of posterior pituitary gland * insufficient ADH * polydypsea, polyurea . NOT POLYPHAGIA
65
hiatal hernia * Detail : * location : * Symptom :
* Detail : protrution of the stomach above diaphram * location : LUQ * Symptom : palpable tenderness, reflux esophagitis, dyspepsia, worse on large meal or laying down
66
Reflux esophagitis * Detail : * Cause : * symptom: * Test :
* Detail : upward reflux of acid contents of stomach into esophagus * Cause : sliding hiatal hernia * symptom : worse when laying down, big meal, valsalva or bearing down * test : x-ray or upper gi series
67
peptic ulcer * detail : * Cause : * symptom :
* detail : includes gastic and duodenal ulcer * Cause : h.pylori bactera * symptom : burning pinpoint and epigastric pain , coffee ground emesis
68
Gastric ulcer
* no consistent pattern * somtimes cuase pain immediately after eating
69
Duodenal ulcer * MC * pain when? * symptom * test
* MC type of peptic ulcer * pain after 2 hours of eating * black tarry stool * guaiac test, occult blood in stool
70
Pyloric stenosis
* projectice vomitting on newbord
71
gastric carcinoma Mc
* most common on lesser curvature * vichow node: left supraclavicular lymph node involvement
72
Mononucleosis * Detail : * Age : * Cause : * symptom : * Labs
* Detail : monospot, heterphile agglutination , paul bunnell * Age : 18-25 * Cause : Epstein barr virus * symptom : flu, fever, headahce , fatigue , lymphadenopathy in cervical, splenomegaly * Labs : Downey cells = atypical lymphocyes in blood
73
Osteopetrosis * AKA: * details : Enlarged what
* AKA: marble bone * details : the bone marrow becomes sclerotioc * rbcs are not made properly d/t sclerosis of bone marrow * liver and spleen are enlarged
74
small intestine referral pain? management ?
periumbiliical gastroenterologist
75
regional ileitis * AKA: * detail * location : * symptom * name sign
* AKA: crohn's disease * detail : non trophical sprue celiac sprue can cause this * location : RLQ , right side of intestine * symptom : pain, chornic diarrhea, cobblestone appearance on sigmoidoscopy , malabsorption of B12, * x-ray : skip lesion
76
ulceritive colitis * Location : * Detail : * symtpom * test :
* Location : left side of intestine , LLQ * Detail : most common at colon and rectum * symtpom : bloody diarrhea * test : sigmoidoscopy , colonoscopy
77
Irritable bower syndrome * AKA: * detail : * symptom
* AKA: spastic colon * detail : variable degrees of constipation and diarrhea in respons to stress * symptom : common on females, abdominal pain and gas relived by bowel movement
78
appendicitis * location * detail * symptom : * test : * management :
* detail : * location : RLQ * symptom : dull periumbilical or epigastric pain , fever nausea, vomitting , anorexia * test : increased wbc, rebound tenderness, rovsing's sign, psoas sign, obturator sign , CT scan * management : ER
79
Diverticulitis * Location : * Detail :
* Location : LLQ * Detail : inadequate fiber, constipation causes outpouching in colon that get infected
80
Meckel's diverticulitis
* outpouching of ileum
81
Zenker's diverticulitis
* outpuichjhing of esophagus
82
Cushing's disease * Detail : * Symptom : * associated w/ what?
* Detail : increased production of adrenal cortex hormone : hyperadrenalism : hypercortisolism * Symptom : moon face, buffalo hump, pendulous abdomen, purple striae, hirsutism, weakness and hypertension * associated w/ what? osteoperosis, decrease in density
83
AddisOn's disease * detail * symptom * which president have this
* detial : decrease adosterone, hypOadrenalism, hypOcortisolism : increased ACTH causes melanin deposition * symtom : hyperpigmentation of face and mouth : Thin, decreased BP, weakness, fatigue, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, hair loss may be seen * JFK has this
84
Pheochromocytoma * detail : * causes what : * similar to what Symptom
* detail : tumor of the adrenal medulla : increased catecholamine production ( epinephrine and norepinephrine) * may appear similar to hyperthyoidism but this produces extreme hypertension * tachcardi, jitters and extreme hypertension
85
Nephrolithiasis * detail : * symptom : * test : * Labs : * What does hydronephrosis cause ?
* detail : made of calcium, calcium oxalates is most common, calcium urates, calcium phosphates. * symptom : flank pain that is writhing * test : murphy's test ( kidney punch ) * Labs : Increased BUN, Uric acid, creatinine clearance , KUB study * What does hydronephrosis cause ?staghorn calculi
86
Nephritic syndrome * AKA : * Caused : * Detail :
* AKA : Acute glumerolonephritis * Caused : Group A hemolytic strep * Detail : RBC casts in urine with small amount of protein
87
Nephrotic syndrome * Detail what called on women * Urine test:
* Detail : HEP ( hypertension, edema, massive proteinuria ) : in pregnant women is called pre-eclampsia * Urine test: waxy or fatty casts
88
Pyelonephritis * detail : * Urine test :
* detail : E-coli from UTI * Urine test : WBC casts
89
Polycystic kidney disease * detail
* Detail : inherited disorder characted by many bilateral renal cysts that increase renal sie but reduce function renal tissue
90
Urethritis * Detail : * Caused by : * Urine test :
* Detail : classified as gonococcal ( gonorhea) or non-gonococcal ( chlamydia) * Caused by : Gonorrhea or clamydia : E. Coli in females * Urine test : nitrites
91
Cystitis * Detail : * Symptom :
* Detail : non infectious inflammation * Symptom : burning, painful and frequent urination : incontinence : suprapubic and low back pain
92
Renal Carcinoma
* , flank pain and palpable mass * Urine : hematuria
93
Nephroblastoma * detail : * Age : * Urine : * Symptom :
* detail : malignant tumor of kidney * Age : less than 5 yo * Urine : Hematuria * Symptom :abdominal mass
94
Urinary Incontinence : Urge
* Neuro * overactive bladder * urgent need to go to bathroom
95
Urinary Incontinence : Stress
* Female * increase in abdominal pressure such as exercise, cough , sneeze , laugh * d/t weakened pelvic floor
96
Urinary Incontinence : Overflow
* Male * inability to completely empty your bladder when you urinate * constant or frequent dribble of urine
97
Urinary Incontinence : functional
* disease * most common amoing older adults w/ arthritis, parkinsons, alzheimer's * disorders that involve moving, thinking or communicating .
98
Hernia : indirect inguinal hernia * MC on what age group * what is the flow ?
* most common type * inguinal canal > external inguinal ring > scrotum * common in children and young adults
99
Hernia : direct inguinal hearnia
* external inguinal ring > scrotum * d/t obesity or heavy lifting * felt when bearing down or cough * over 40 yo
100
Hernia : femoral hernia
* bulge lateral and inferior to the extrenal inguinal ring at the site of the femoral pulse
101
Endometriosis * detail : * Symptom : * Test : * Location :
* detail : abonrmal endometrial tissue found outside its normal location ( ex. myometrium, fallopian tubes, peritoneum ) * Symptom : abdominal pain, back pain, menorrhagia, painful intercourse, possible infertility * Test : Laparscopy * Location : MC found in ovaries
102
Uterine fibroids * detail : * Symptom :
* detail : benign tumor of smooth muscle origin ( leiomyoma ) * Symptom : heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, painful intercourse. : uterus will have painless nodule that are irregular and firm
103
Pelvic inflamatory disease * detail : * Cause by :
* Detail : infection of the upper female genital tract * Caused by : STD ( chlamydia or gonorrhea ) * includes salpingitis ( inflammation of the fallopian tube )
104
Ectopic pregnancy * detail * symptom
* detail : pregnancy in which implantation occurs outside the endometrium / endometrial cavity * Symptom : spotting, deacrease BP , Decrease HCG
105
Normal pregnancy * symptom * Blood test
* Symptom : increase HCG, nausea, weight gain, breats tenderness * blood test : human chorionic gonadotropin
106
Hydatiform mole * detail
* detail : a non viable embryo which develops in the placenta and presents with all the signs of pregnancy. * very high HCG
107
Choriocancinoma *
* malignancy of the plancta d/t abornomal epithelium
108
Polycystic ovarian disease * detail * symptom
* detail : irregular period =infrequent, irregular or prolong period : excess androgen = hirsutism ( excess facil and body hair) : metabolic syndrome : hbp, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol
109
Fibrocystic breast disease * detail : * symptom : * common w/ what
* detail : multiple, round, freely, movable masses. * symptom : bilateral breast tenderness that is made worse w/ caffeine intake, ovulation or menses. * common w/ what overweight diabetics
110
fibroadenoma * detail : * Age : * Symptom :
* detail : most common benign tumor of breast * Age : younger than 30 yo * Symptom : non tender single lump, unilateral
111
Breast cancer * detail : * Age : * Location : * symptom : * where it metastasis ?
* detail : second most common cause of cancer death in women * Age : over 50 yo * Location : Upper quadrant * symptom : nipple retraction, bleeding, orange peel appearance, dimpling * where it metastasis ? axilla via the lymphatic system and will most likely be a lytic when seen in bone
112
Varicocele * Detail :
* dilation of the spermatic veings * bag of worms * diminishes from stnading to supine
113
SPermatocele * Detail : * symptom :
* Detail : fluid filled mass in the epididymis * Symptom : painless, movable , pea sized lump located superior and posterior to the testicle. * it transilluminate light because it is fluid filled
114
Hydrocele * Detail : * symptom :
* Detail : excess accumilation of water in the testicle * Symptom : swollen, painless , heavy and light . * palpate above the mass distinguish from scrotal hernia. * it transilluminates
115
Epididymitis * detail : * symptom :
* Detail : d/t std * symptom : scrotum is enlrage , tender but tenderness is relieved by raising the testicle
116
Testicular cancer * Detail : * symptom : *mc type
* detail : most common form of cancer in males age 20-34 * symptom : painless nodule appears on or in the testicle * most common type is seminoma, * DOES NOT transilluminate light
117
Benign prostatic hyperplasia * symptom : *
* enlarged , non tnder , firm , smooth , with loss of mediam sulcus
118
prostatitis * smyptom
* boggy , soft , enlarged , tender. * urinary problem : increased urgency
119
prostatic carcinoma * symptom : * where to metastasize :
* symptom : posterior lobe is hard, nodular, painless and enlarged * most common place to metastasize is the lumbar spine
120
Skin temperature * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : Cool * Vein : Warm
121
Skin color * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : pale or blue * Vein : normal or discolored
122
Numbness * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : present * Vein : absent
123
Swelling * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : not usually * Vein : present
124
raynaud phenomenon * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : present * Vein : absent
125
Trophic changes * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : thin skin * Vein : statis dermatitis
126
Valve incompetence * Artery : * Vein :
* Artery : not applicable * Vein : present
127
Claudication ## Footnote *
* muscle pain in the calf that occurs during exercise
128
Type of claudication : Neurogenic * pattern * relief * common cause
* pattern : not predictable * relief : position related (seated w/ flexion ) * common cause DJD , spinal canal stenosis
129
Type of claudication : vascular * pattern * relief * common cause
* pattern : predictability reproducable * relief : always with rest * common cause : asterioclrerosis , bueger's
130
Test for claudication: Time
* 120 steps per minute = + when pain in calves
131
Test for claudication: bicycle test
* pt pedal fast until painful. rest until painless repeat = + if pain in calves * indicates vascular claudication
132
Bueger's * AKA: * Age : * Detail : * symptom : * test :
* AKA: thromboangitis obliterans * Age : 20-40 males * Detail : excess tobaco smoking * symptom : intermittent vascular claudication. non healing ulcer and gangrene * test : claudication time
133
Raynaud's * Age : * Detail : * symptom : * Test :
* Age : younger than 15 yo * Detail : associated w/ buerger's , collagen disease, schleroderma. * symptom : cold, stress, emotion, arterioal spasm, triphasic color changes ( white-red-blue ) , fimger tip ulcers, gangrene, cold sensitivity * Test : allen's test
134
Varicous veins * Age: * detail : seen with who * symptoms: * Test :
* Age: Over 20 yo * detail : pregnant women or overweight adults * symptoms: dilated tortous channels, * test : perthe's
135
Deep vein thrombosis * Symptom : * test : * Lab * management
* Symptom : tenderness, edema, pain * test : homan's * Lab : d -dimer * management : ER or vascular specialist
136
Pulmonary embolism * detail : risks * symptom : * cause :
* detail : blockage of artery in the lung by a substance that travelled from other part of the body through bloodstream. : risk is increased on flying and prolonged bed rest * symptom : difficulty breathing, chest pain in inspiration, palpitations * cause : thrombus ( blood clot from deep veins in legs )
137
reflex sympathetic dystrophy * AKA : * detail : * symptom :
* AKA : complex regional pain syndrome * detail : chronic pain condition * symptom : intense pain, get worse over time,changes in temperature and color of skin over affected limb or body part. intense burning pain, skin sensitivity, sweating and swelling *
138
Telangiectasia * detail * where?
* small superficial dilated blood vessel. * anywhere in body but common on face, nose and cheeks and chin
139
* Petechia
* pinpoint hemorrage
140
RBC * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : # of rbc per unit of blood * Increased : primary polcythemia vera * Decreased : anemia
141
Hemoglobin (Hb) * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : direct measure of weight of hemoglobin per unit of volume of blood * Increased : dehydration, polycythemia vera * Decreased : Anemia
142
Hematocrit (Hct) * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : packed cell volume ratio of the volume of rbc to that of whole blood. * Increased :Dehydration, polycythemia vera * Decreased : anemia
143
Mean corpuscular volume * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : average concentration of hb in a given volume of circulating thrombocytes/ volume * Increased : macrocytic anemia * Decreased : microcytic anemia
144
Mean corpuscular hb concentration * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : average concentration of hb in a given volume of packed cells * Increased : macrocytic anemia * Decreased : microcytic anemia
145
Platelets thrombocytes * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : absolute quantification of circulating thrombocytes/volume * Increased : polycythemia ,trauma, blood loss * Decreased : anemia, extensive or burns, thrombocytopenia
146
WBC * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* definition : absoulte quantification of total circulating wbc/ unit of blood * Increased : acute infection inflammation, leukemia, * Decreased :overwhelming infection, viral condition
147
WBC differential count * definition : * Increased : * Decreased :
* neutrophils = bacterial infection * lymphocytosis = virus * monocytosis = chronic inflammation * eosinophils = allegy / parasits * basophils = heparin prodiuction / histamine release
148
sickle cell anemia * detail : * cause : * commonly seen with who ?
* detail : nucleated rbc * cause : hgb S * commonly seen with who ? african americans
149
Thalassemia * AKA: * Detail : * Cause : * Seen where?
* AKA: mediterranean anemia * Detail : presents with microcytic target cells * Cause : decreased beta chain synthesis * Seen where? mediterranean , north africa, south east asia
150
Ertythroblastosis fetalis * Cause
* caused by an RH+ dad and RH- mom
151
Megoblastic anemia * detail
* macrocytic normochromic * B9/folic * B12/cyanocobalamin * PLS /combined system disease
152
Iron deficiency anemia
* hypochromic microcytic * seen with chronic blood loss and pregnancy
153
aplastic anemia * Detail :
* decrease in all blood cells, * seen with drugs,chemotherapy, MM , RA, Leukopenia, acute blood loss, benzene poisonning , thrombocytopenia
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Urine : Color : straw
normal
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Urine : Color red
blood or food pigments,
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Urine : Color green
* biliverdin * bile duct * pseudomonas * bad protein digestion
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Urine : Color Blue
* diuretic therapy, pseudomonas infection, bad protein digestion
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Urine : Color brown
* bile pigments * blood * bile duct * occult blood * homogentisic acid
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Urine : Color Black
* homogenistic acid * urobilin * bacteria
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Urine : Appearance : hazy or cloudy
* epithelia cells , wbc, rbc , crystals , sperm, microorganism
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Urine : Appearance : milky
* wbc or fat
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Urine : ph
* normal is 4-8
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Urine : specific gravity
* 1.01-1.03 * increase bacterial infection, diabetes mellitus, kidney abnormalities
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Urine: Glucose normal increased
* normal = none detected , renal threshold is over 180 mg * Incrased = DM , shock, injury to head, pancreatic dx, renal tubular dx
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Urine : ketones * normal : * Increased :
Urine : * normal : none * Increased : starvation, DM , weight loss diet, inadequate carbohydrate intake
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Urine : protein * normal : * Increased :
* normal : none * Increased : kidney disorder, toxemia of pregnancy, multiple myelogma
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Urine : Urobilinogen * normal : * Increased : * decreased :
* normal : .1-1 ei unit/ml * Increased : hemolytic dx , hepatic dx * decreased : bilary obstruction
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Urine : blood * normal : * Increased :
* normal : none * Increased : tumor, trauma, kidney infection, kidney stones, hypertension, bleeding disorder
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Urine : casts Hyaline epithelial RBC WBC Waxy
Hyaline = normal epithelial = tubular dmg RBC =glumerolonephritis WBC = pyelonephritis Waxy=renal failure, nephorsis

part 2 / 3 boards (7 decks)

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