General Development And Management Flashcards
What is child development?
Development- orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, through processes and behaviours
Maturation- a universal sequence of biological events occurring in the body and the brain that permits a psychological function to appear
What are gross motor skills?
The abilities required in order to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting, crawling and other activities
At what age should a child be sitting without support?
8 months
At what age should a child be crawling?
6-9 months
At what age should a child be standing with assistance?
8-10 months
At what age should a child be walking with assistance?
12 months
At what age should a child be standing alone?
11 months
At what age should a child be walking alone?
8-18 months
What is fine motor skill?
Coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g. in the fingers, usually in coordination with the eyes
What are some clinical implications of motor development?
Oral hygiene instruction
Getting in the dental chair
Detection of non-accidental injury
What is cognitive development?
The development of intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving ability which begins in infancy
What are the three theory’s of cognitive development?
Cognitive theory- focuses on thinking, interpretation, learning and remembering
Behaviourism theory- directed by environmental influences
Psychodynamic theory- man has instinctive drives, aggression activity
What are the eating habits of a child?
Birth-6 months- breast/bottle fed
6-12 months- weaning foods- no salt/honey
12 months- can eat family dinners
18 months- weaned
In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is sensorimotor 0-2 years?
Learning is through taste, touch and sound
Develop problem solving skills
Achieve object permanence
In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is pre-operational thought 2-7 years?
Learning to predict outcomes of behaviour
Thought patterns poorly developed and egocentric
In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is concrete operations 7-11 years?
Logical reasoning
Can consider another person’s point of view
Can assess more than one aspect of a situation
Abstract thought not well developed
Reasoning from own experience
In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is formal operations 11 years?
Logical abstract thinking is developed
Different possibilities for action can be considered
Deductive reasoning
What is the meaning of perceptual?
To make sense of the world, infants have to perceive it and research into the development of sensory and perceptual abilities is one of the most exciting and important areas of infancy research
Perceptual development
Hearing
6-8 weeks- responds to sounds
4 months- move or react when someone speaks or makes a noise
1 year old- turn around if a parent is calling from behind, recognises own name
7 year old- can determine which messages merit attention
Perceptual development
Vision
Neonate- poor colour discrimination, limited visual fields
9-12 months- can spot a small object nearby, watches face and tries to imitate impressions, visually alert to new people, objects and surroundings
2 years- optic myelinisation complete
3 years- retinal tissue is mature
6 years- scan in on an object, fixate on detail
What is speech?
Speech is the verbal expression of language and includes articulation, which is the way words are formed
What is language?
Language is much boarder and refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information in a way that’s meaningful
At what age should babies start babbling?
6 months
At what age should babies start saying mama and dada and responding to their name?
12 months
At what age should babies be able to say single words, make animal sounds and follow simple instructions?
18 months
At what age should babies be able to understand “no”, use 10 to 20 words, including names?
1-2 years
Parents should understand 50% of speech at this age
At what age should babies be able to identify body parts, have a 450-word vocabulary, understand simple time concepts, like to hear the same story repeated?
2-3 years
At this age parents should understand 75% of speech
At what age should children be able to tell a story , have a sentence length of 4-5 words, have a vocabulary of nearly 1000 words and know his or her last name, name of their street and nursery rhymes?
3-4 years
At this age they should be understood by people that don’t know them
What is social development?
The development of the personality, and the acquisition of social attitudes and skills, from infancy through maturity
At infancy what social development should a child have?
Makes eye contact
Smiles 6 weeks, laughs 16 weeks
What social development should a child have in early childhood?
Learn sharing and turn taking
Learn to approach others
What social development should a child have when they are in school years?
Increased self confidence
Friendships become more important
Fairness and equality become more important
What social development should a child have at an adolescence age?
Socially centred
Friendships take priority
At age 9-12 months what are the child’s fears?
Loud noise
Separation
At age 2-4 years what are the child’s fears?
Imaginary objects
At age 4 years what are a child’s fears?
Dark
Unknown
At age 5-6 years what are a child’s fears?
Social and school fears
At age 6-16 years what are a child’s fears?
Injury
Death
Natural events
Social anxiety
What are the 3 parenting styles?
Authoritarian- rules and order
Permissive- few rules, freedom for child
Authoritative- try to show responsibility for behaviour
What is the aim when treating a child?
To successfully complete treatment as required and have the patient, parent and dental team consider it has been a positive encounter
What is the role of the parent in the child’s treatment?
They decide: When to bring child to the dentist Which dentist they go to What foods they eat Preventative regime And they are required to give consent
What is the role of the dentist in the child’s dental treatment?
They should be able to put young patients and their parents at ease
They should show interest in their problems
They should be able to help people relax
They should communicate effectively
What is the role of the rest of the dental team in the child’s dental treatment?
Remember dental receptionist and dental nurse are the first people the parent and child encounter
Therefore first impressions are very important
What are the implications for dentistry on the parent-child relationship?
Parental perceptions are passed to the child Attitude to dental health Dietary habits Overprotective parents Parental anxiety is passed to the child
What is the classification of co-operation?
Pre-cooperative
Potentially cooperative
Cooperative
Lacking cooperative ability
How do you gain a child’s cooperation?
Promote positive behaviour Show interest in child as an individual Give well stated instructions Communicate at child’s level Focus on the positives Show ethnic, cultural and gender sensitivity Use stimulating visual distractors Use verbal and non verbal communication Realistic and achievable treatment goals
