General Content

Question 1

3 Structural functional relationships

Answer 1

SA, SA:V, elastic recoil

Question 2

Substances that move across membranes

Answer 2

Molecules, solvents, fluids, gasses and heat

Question 3

Things that stop flow

Answer 3

Increasing membrane thickness, reducing available transport proteins, decreasing tube radius and piloerection

Question 4

Types of energy gradient

Answer 4

Heat, chemical and electrical

Question 5

4 groups of tissues

Answer 5

Epithelium, connective, nervous and muscular

Question 6

Types of Epithelium (5)

Answer 6

Protective, transport, exchange, secretory and cilliated

Question 7

Protective epithelium

Answer 7

Lines organs/surfaces/cavities. Can be keratinised and stratified.

Question 8

Transport epithelium

Answer 8

selective exchange of products, large SA. ie. villi and microvilli

Question 9

Exchange epithelium

Answer 9

Movement of gasses across surface, poreous and flatterened.

Question 10

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 10

Epithelia with cilia on apical surface. Cilia designed for fluid movement across surface, cilia able to produce beating action to move substances.

Question 11

Secretory epithelium

Answer 11

Glands that secrete substances, cuboidal cells

Question 12

4 components of homeostasis

Answer 12

1. Regulator variable (thing that changes), 2. Sensor, 3. Control centre, 4. Effector

Question 13

3 Homeostatic control pathways

Answer 13

• Extrinsic reflex feedback loop (pos neg FB loops), local control feedback loop and feedforward control

Question 14

Extrinsic reflex feedback loop

Answer 14

Pos/neg feedback loops, maintiain body within a range of tolerance. require external control centre

Question 15

Instrinsic local control

Answer 15

doesnt require an external control centre, control of localised disruptions

Question 16

Feedforward control

Answer 16

Anticipatory pathway that initiates a loop prior to change/

Question 17

4 functions of cell membrane

Answer 17

isolation of cell, structural support, communication and regulation of exchange.

Question 18

Membrane proteins

Answer 18

Integral proteins (channels, embedded through membrane, disruptive to remove from bilayer) and peripheral proteins (attached loosely, enzymes)

Question 19

Membrane lipids

Answer 19

Phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic head and hydrophyllic head), and cholestrols (increases membrane flexibility)

Question 20

Membrane protein functions

Answer 20

Structural, control cell movement, enzymes, receptors, cell to cell communication

Question 21

Simple vs Facilitated diffusion

Answer 21

Simple, doesn’t require protein transport, moves lipid soluble molecules. Facilitated diffusion move ions and lipid insoluble molecules. Using channels (permanent hole) and carriers (binds to molecule and flips to change what side of membrane carrier is open to)

Question 22

Types of membrane carriers

Answer 22

Uniport- one molecule/direction, antiport- 2 molecules/direction, symport- 2 molecules/1 direction

Question 23

2 Types of active transport

Answer 23

Primary- Uses energy from ATP hydrolysis

Secondary- Uses energy generated from the concentration gradient of another molecule. Symports and antiports.

Question 24

4 Types of cell communication

Answer 24

direct cell signalling, paracrine, neural and endocrine

Question 25

2 Types of direct cell signalling

Answer 25

Gap Junction- Membrane proteins link, ion move directly from one cell to another Contact-dependant- Membrane proteins on surface are in contact with each other, binding alters cellular function

Question 26

Strength of chemical signal impacted by

Answer 26

Concentration of cellular messenger, number of receptors on target cell, strength of chemical-receptor bond

Question 27

3 Signalling receptor types

Answer 27

Channel-linked receptor, Enzyme-linked receptor and G-protein linked receptor.

Question 28

Paracrine messaging

Answer 28

Between close cells, ligand diffuses to target cell

Question 29

Structural-functional relationships

Answer 29

Type and property of secretory cell and target cells, distance between, molecular proeprties, number of receptors

Question 30

Endocrine signalling

Answer 30

Hormones released by cells to travel through blood stream to distant target cells

Question 31

Hydrophyllic hormone action

Answer 31

Hormone is dissolved in plasma, cannot cross cell membrane, activates secondary messenger within the cell, binds to receptors on membrane

Question 32

Lipophyllic hormone action

Answer 32

Not dissolved in the plasma, bound to a carrier protein for movement. Can cross cell membrane

Question 33

Factors determining how long hormones are active for

Answer 33

Half life of the hormone, rate of degredation of the hormone, duration of secretion (concentration of the hormone)

Question 34

Triggers for hormone release

Answer 34

Neural or Humeral via secretory epithelium

Question 35

Modes of hormone release

Answer 35

Episodic- One release Circadian- Timed releases that are controlled by bodies internal clock Pulsatile- perioidic bursts

Question 36

Interactions between hormones

Answer 36

Antagonism- One hormone decreases another Additive_ hormones working together to produce a combined effect Synergism- Hormones working together to produce an enhanced effect Permissiveness- One hormone is required for another hormone to work