General Considerations Flashcards
What is the goal of fasting recommendations for ruminants prior to surgery?
Decrease rumen size and decrease pressure on the diaphragm
Milk should not be withheld from neonates prior to surgery because of concern for _____.
Hypoglycemia
General guidelines for fasting adult ruminants prior to surgery:
- Off roughage ____ hours
- Off grain ____ hours
- Off water ____ hours
Roughage 48 hours
Grain 24 hours
Water 12 hours
(Timing)
If giving antimicrobials prior to surgery, administer ____ IV or _____ IM.
15 minutes prior IV
1 hour prior IM
What is the only anesthetic drug approved for use in cattle?
Lidocaine
All other drugs are considered ELDU
6 classes of anesthetic/analgesics
Opioids
Alpha-2 agonists
NMDA receptor antagonist
Benzodiazepines
Local anesthetics
NSAIDs
List three opioids used in LA surgery.
Butorphanol
Morphine
Fentanyl patches
List two alpha-2 agonists used in LA surgery.
Xylazine
Detomidine
Butorphanol is used for:
Sedation, pain control
What is the effect of morphine in ruminants?
Moderate analgesic effects
Fentanyl patches provide:
Analgesic / post operative pain management
Xylazine is used for:
Sedation / immobilization
What do you use to reverse xylazine?
Yohimbine, atipamezole
What are side effects of xylazine?
Bradycardia
Hypertension followed by hypotension
Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Increased urine production
Ketamine is a _________ anesthetic and has a __________ effect when administered in a subanesthetic dose.
Dissociative anesthetic
Potent analgesic effect
Is ketamine approved by the FDA for use in food animals?
No
Recovery from ketamine may include: (4)
Spastic jerking movements
Tremors
Emesis
Hypersalivation
Ketamine is commonly used in combination with _____, ______, and/or ______ as an injectable anesthetic or induction agent.
Xylazine
Telamon
Guaifenasen
Diazepam is a _______ used as a tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, and for controlling seizures.
Benzodiazepine
Are benzodiazepines approved by the FDA for use in food animals?
No
Signs of lidocaine toxicity
Twitching and clonic spasms
Hypotension
Drowsiness/sedation
Respiratory depression
Convulsions
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic used for ______ and _________.
Standing procedures
Regional limb perfusions
Side effects of flunixin meglumine
GI ulceration, nephrotoxicity
Three properties of flunixin meglumine
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory
Flunixin meglumine is an NSAID labeled for use in beef and dairy cattle to:
Control fever associated with BRD and inflammation associated with endotoxemia.
This NSAID is widely used for osteoarthritis and continuation of post-op pain control “at home” but is not FDA approved for this. It is not an anti-pyretic.
Meloxicam
Another name for aspirin is ______.
Acetyl salicylic acid
________ is an NSAID prohibited in dairy cows over the age of 20 months and is strongly discouraged by FDA and FARAD.
Phenylbutazone
Drugs/categories of drugs without allowable extra label uses in any food-producing animal: (8)
- Chloramphenicol
- Clenbuterol
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Fluoroquinolones (abx)
- Vancomycin (Glycopeptides)
- Metronidazole (Nitroimidazoles)
- Nitrofurazone (Nitrofurans)
- Medicated feeds
Preparing the surgical site - 5 steps
- Clip only; shaving not recommended
- Tail tie
- Rough prep
- Sterile prep
- Draping
What does rough preparation include?
Physical removal of dirt and debris usually with mild soap and a brush
What does sterile preparation include?
Chlorhexidine or povidine solution; contact time is most important
What does draping provide?
Extension of the sterile field
Use water impermeable drapes
Surgical considerations during the procedure (4)
Length of time
Contamination
Tissue handling
Blood loss
Maintenance for neonatal ruminants is _______ % body weight/day.
10-20%
Maintenance for adult ruminants is _____% body weight/day with ____:____ ratio of roughage to grain.
1-2%
60:40
Post-op adult ruminants should get what ratio of roughage to grain?
Full roughage with slow reintroduction to grain
What are three special considerations for ruminant feeding post-op?
Pharyngeal / esophageal trauma
Soaked hay
Oral electrolytes / alfalfa slurry
Post-op wound care includes monitoring the ______ .
Surgical site
Three considerations for bandage care
Keep incision clean
Topical medications can delay healing
Air helps prevent anaerobe growth
Continued administration of _____ is not needed for most clean surgeries.
Antimicrobials
Maintenance fluids for adult ruminants vs neonates
60 mL/kg/day - adults
90 mL/kg/day - neonates
Opioids used for post-op pain management are limited to _____ and can cause ________ and ________.
In-hospital use
Sedation
Hypomotility
The most common post-op pain management is ______.
NSAIDs
Use of NSAIDs longer than ____ days is discouraged.
5-10 days
Use of NSAIDs is cautioned in __________ patients.
Dehydrated
What are the toxic doses of lidocaine for cattle and small ruminants?
Cattle: 10 mg/kg
Small ruminants: 5 mg/kg
