General Considerations Flashcards by Jessica Hanaumi

What is the goal of fasting recommendations for ruminants prior to surgery?

Decrease rumen size and decrease pressure on the diaphragm

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Milk should not be withheld from neonates prior to surgery because of concern for _____.

Hypoglycemia

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General guidelines for fasting adult ruminants prior to surgery:

Off roughage ____ hours
Off grain ____ hours
Off water ____ hours

Roughage 48 hours
Grain 24 hours
Water 12 hours

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(Timing)

If giving antimicrobials prior to surgery, administer ____ IV or _____ IM.

15 minutes prior IV
1 hour prior IM

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What is the only anesthetic drug approved for use in cattle?

Lidocaine
All other drugs are considered ELDU

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6 classes of anesthetic/analgesics

Opioids
Alpha-2 agonists
NMDA receptor antagonist
Benzodiazepines
Local anesthetics
NSAIDs

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List three opioids used in LA surgery.

Butorphanol
Morphine
Fentanyl patches

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List two alpha-2 agonists used in LA surgery.

Xylazine
Detomidine

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Butorphanol is used for:

Sedation, pain control

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What is the effect of morphine in ruminants?

Moderate analgesic effects

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Fentanyl patches provide:

Analgesic / post operative pain management

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Xylazine is used for:

Sedation / immobilization

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What do you use to reverse xylazine?

Yohimbine, atipamezole

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What are side effects of xylazine?

Bradycardia
Hypertension followed by hypotension
Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Increased urine production

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Ketamine is a _________ anesthetic and has a __________ effect when administered in a subanesthetic dose.

Dissociative anesthetic
Potent analgesic effect

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Is ketamine approved by the FDA for use in food animals?

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Recovery from ketamine may include: (4)

Spastic jerking movements
Tremors
Emesis
Hypersalivation

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Ketamine is commonly used in combination with _____, ______, and/or ______ as an injectable anesthetic or induction agent.

Xylazine
Telamon
Guaifenasen

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Diazepam is a _______ used as a tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, and for controlling seizures.

Benzodiazepine

Are benzodiazepines approved by the FDA for use in food animals?

Signs of lidocaine toxicity

Twitching and clonic spasms
Hypotension
Drowsiness/sedation
Respiratory depression
Convulsions

Lidocaine is a local anesthetic used for ______ and _________.

Standing procedures
Regional limb perfusions

Side effects of flunixin meglumine

GI ulceration, nephrotoxicity

Three properties of flunixin meglumine

Analgesic
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory

Flunixin meglumine is an NSAID labeled for use in beef and dairy cattle to:

Control fever associated with BRD and inflammation associated with endotoxemia.

This NSAID is widely used for osteoarthritis and continuation of post-op pain control “at home” but is not FDA approved for this. It is not an anti-pyretic.

Meloxicam

Another name for aspirin is ______.

Acetyl salicylic acid

________ is an NSAID prohibited in dairy cows over the age of 20 months and is strongly discouraged by FDA and FARAD.

Phenylbutazone

Drugs/categories of drugs without allowable extra label uses in any food-producing animal: (8)

1. Chloramphenicol 2. Clenbuterol 3. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 4. Fluoroquinolones (abx) 5. Vancomycin (Glycopeptides) 6. Metronidazole (Nitroimidazoles) 7. Nitrofurazone (Nitrofurans) 8. Medicated feeds

Preparing the surgical site - 5 steps

- Clip only; shaving not recommended - Tail tie - Rough prep - Sterile prep - Draping

What does rough preparation include?

Physical removal of dirt and debris usually with mild soap and a brush

What does sterile preparation include?

Chlorhexidine or povidine solution; contact time is most important

What does draping provide?

Extension of the sterile field Use water impermeable drapes

Surgical considerations during the procedure (4)

Length of time Contamination Tissue handling Blood loss

Maintenance for neonatal ruminants is _______ % body weight/day.

10-20%

Maintenance for adult ruminants is _____% body weight/day with ____:____ ratio of roughage to grain.

1-2% 60:40

Post-op adult ruminants should get what ratio of roughage to grain?

Full roughage with slow reintroduction to grain

What are three special considerations for ruminant feeding post-op?

Pharyngeal / esophageal trauma Soaked hay Oral electrolytes / alfalfa slurry

Post-op wound care includes monitoring the ______ .

Surgical site

Three considerations for bandage care

Keep incision clean Topical medications can delay healing Air helps prevent anaerobe growth

Continued administration of _____ is not needed for most clean surgeries.

Antimicrobials

Maintenance fluids for adult ruminants vs neonates

60 mL/kg/day - adults 90 mL/kg/day - neonates

Opioids used for post-op pain management are limited to _____ and can cause ________ and ________.

In-hospital use Sedation Hypomotility

The most common post-op pain management is ______.

NSAIDs

Use of NSAIDs longer than ____ days is discouraged.

5-10 days

Use of NSAIDs is cautioned in __________ patients.

Dehydrated

What are the toxic doses of lidocaine for cattle and small ruminants?

Cattle: 10 mg/kg Small ruminants: 5 mg/kg