General Concepts of Basic Life Support Flashcards by Sam James

these life-saving techniques based on the most current research are organized into a systematic response called

Chain of Survival

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improves a person’s chance of surviving until advanced care becomes available

BLS

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steps in Adult Chain of Survival

recognize sx and activate EMS (emergency medical service)

perform early CPR

defibrillate with AED

advanced life support

post-cardiac arrest care

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pediatric chain of survival

prevent arrest
perform early CPR
activate EMS
advanced life support
post-cardiac arrest care

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emergencies in children are usually caused by

breathing problems that trigger cardiac arrest

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the first and most important step of the Pediatric Chain of survival

prevention of arrest

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Resuscitation research continues to show that _________ is increasing survival rates for hospital discharge

high-quality CPR

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The characteristics that define high-quality compressions remain as pushing

hard and fast

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CPR compression rate per minute

100-120 per minute

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the increase in chest compressions (100-120/ minute instead of 100/minute) leads to

decrease CO due to incomplete cardiac filling during recoil

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The 2015 guideline now defines the target depth for adult compressions to be between

2-2.4 inches (5-6 centimeters)

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if the adult compressions are delivered beyond 2-2.4 inches (5-6 centimeters) this will result to

increased risk of resuscitation related injuries (rib fractures)

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sequence of BLS for 2015 guideline

CAB = improved outcomes
Compressions
Airway
Breathing

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ratio CPR: rescue breaths

for one rescuer CPR in all age groups

CPR 30
Rescue breaths 2

30:2

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ratio CPR: rescue breaths
for two rescuer CPR
adult

same
CPR 30
Rescue breaths 2

30:2

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ratio CPR: rescue breaths
for two rescuer CPR
in children + infants

15:2

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are most valuable in saving a life

high-quality chest compressions

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What is the intention of changing to CAV+B

encourage early CPR and avoid bystanders interpreting agonal breathing as signs of life and withholding CPR

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Shallow breathing pattern that is often related to cardiac arrest and death

agonal breathing

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High-quality CPR is key and consists of doing the following:

Start compressions w/in 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest
Push hard and fast. Keep compression rate of at least 100 /minute for all persons.
Keep compression depth of between 2-2.4 inches for adults and (2 in, 1/3 of the depth of the chest) children, and about 1.5 inches (4 cm) for infants.
Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.
Minimize interruptions in CPR, except to use an AED or to change rescuer positions. -limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds

Give effective breaths that make the chest rise

• Avoid excessive ventilate.

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is cricoid pressure routinely performed

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Cricoid pressure

other name

Sellick maneuver

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what is the intention of doing cricoid pressure

technique used in endotracheal intubation to reduce the risk of regurgitation

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how is cricoid pressure performed

application of pressure to the cricoid cartilage at the neck, thus occluding the esophagus which passes directly behind it

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how long should you feel for a pulse

10 sec

if a pulse is absent/ not sure you feel a pulse

begin compressions

infant what type of defibrillator

manual

what if a manual defibrillator is not avail

If not available, an AED with pediatric dose attenuator should be used for an infant. If an AED with dose attenuator is not available, then use an adult AED, even for an infant.

after return of spontaneous circulation, all cardiac arrest victims receive

post-cardiac arrest care

is a group of procedure rooms ina hospital or clinic where specialized equipment is used to evaluate the heart and the BV around the heart and in the lungs

cardiac catheterization suite or laboratory (cath lab)

this procedure involves insertion of a catheter through an artery or vein into the heart to study the heart and its surrounding structures and fx

cardiac catherization

chain of survival for an adult who has cardiac arrest in the hospital are

P - surveillance, prevention, and tx of prearrest conditions RA - immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system C - early CPR (emphasis on chest compressions) D - rapid defibrillation P - multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care

successful outcome for a cardiac arrest victim out-of-hospital

early bystander CPR and rapid defibrillation in the first few minutes after the arrest

chain of survival for an adult who has a cardiac arrest outside the hospital

immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system early CPR w/ emphasis on chest compressions rapid defibrillation with an AED effective advanced life support (rapid stabilization and transport to post-cardiac arrest care) multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care

initial support for IHCA

depends on an in-hospital system of appropriate surveillance, monitoring, and prevention with responsive primary provider teams

initial support OHCA

depends on community and EMS providers for support

IHCA | resuscitation teams

hospital departments | professional providers

resuscitation teams | OHCA

lay rescuers - recognize ptx unresponsiveness, call for help, activate ERS, initiate CPR, use AED until team of EMS providers (transports ptx to ED and /or cath lab), before ptx transferred to ICU for continued care

usual etiology of adult cardiac arrest

cardiac cause

cardiac arrest in children is usually due to

shock and | respiratory failure

this is added in the pediatric chain of survival

prevention of arrest

pediatric chain of survival

prevention of arrest early high-quality bystander CPR rapid activation of the emergency response system effective advanced life support (including rapid stabilization and transport to post-cardiac arrest care) integrated post-cardiac arrest care

occurs when the heart develops an abnormal rhythm and can’t pump blood

sudden cardiac arrest

occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked

heart attack

rhythm problem

cardiac arrest

is a clot problem

heart attack

within seconds the person becomes unresponsive, and is not breathing/ is only gasping

cardiac arrest

its sign may appear immediately or last weeks or longer severe discomfort in chest or other areas of the upper body shortness of breath cold sweats n/v

heart attack

heart attack can lead to

heart muscle damage | abnormal rhythm - sudden cardiac arrest

heart attack s/x more likely in women

pain in the jaw, arms, back, or neck light-headedness n/v

CPR skill | chest compressions only

hands-only CPR

chest compressions + rescue breujaths

30:2 CPR

high-performance team CPR skill

multirescuer coordinated CPR

3 main components of CPR

chest compressions airway breathing

signs of poor perfusion

cool extremities, decrease in responsiveness, weak pulses, paleness, mottling (patchy skin appearance), cyanosis

position of the thumb and index fingers during bag mask ventilation

form a C to seal mask against the face

position of the three remaining fingers during bag mask ventilation

form an E | lifting both sides of the jaw into the mask

things to avoid with head tilt-chin lift

do not press deeply into soft tissue under the chin because it might block the airway do not close the victim’s mouth completely

this technique is used in placement of bag-mask ventilation

E-C clamp technique

what to avoid during bag mask ventilation

do not press too hard on the mask because that could push the patient’s jaw down and block the airway

when giving compressions, rescuers should switch compressors after every

2 minutes 5 cycles of CPR or if fatigued

if switching compressors, how many seconds to switch

less than 5 seconds to switch

what should be done during compression, so that the rescuer providing breaths can anticipate when breaths will be given and when time for switch is approaching

compressor counts out loud

is a lightweight, portable, computerized device that can identify an abnormal heart rhythm that needs a shock

automated external defibrillator