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GAMSAT general chemistry > General concepts > Flashcards

General concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Resonance structures are separated in the stick diagrams by ______

A

double headed arrows

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2
Q

What are the two priniciples that decide which resonance structure is more stable?

A

one. atoms in general, “don’t like” charges, so having no charge is better.
two. The resonance structure with a complete octet is more stable.

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3
Q

which one is more stable?

A

the left side because the charge is on the bigger atom

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4
Q

which is more stable?

A

left side because the charge is on the bigger atom

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5
Q

what is this called - functional group

A

acyl halide

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6
Q

what is this called - functional group?

A

aldehyde

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7
Q

name this ___Butyl?

A

isobutyl

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8
Q

name this ___propyl

A

isopropyl

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9
Q

Name this?

A

propyl

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10
Q

name this red functional group

A
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11
Q

name this functional group in red

A

tert-butyl

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12
Q

name this

A

2,3 - dimethylpentane

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13
Q

Three steps of halogenation

A

Initiation, propagation and termination in Radical Halogenation.

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14
Q

What happens during the initiation

A

formation of radicals from a molecule by homolytic cleavage

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15
Q

What is the propagation step ?

A

Reaction between a neutral molecule and a radical.

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16
Q

What is the termination step?

A

Reaction of two radicals to form a molecule

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17
Q

what is this reaction?

A

Proton transfer

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18
Q

what do each of these arrows mean? With regards to electron transfer

A
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19
Q

The chair conformation of the cyclohexane is ___ more/less___ stable than the boat conformation?

A

more stable

note: a conformation having a lower energy implies higher relative stability

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20
Q

what are the two types of hydrogen-carbon bonds? in a cyclohexane

A

equatorial and axial

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21
Q

which is more stable?

A

the second conformation because of less steric interactions.

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22
Q

two types of catalysts?

A

heterogeneous and homogeneous

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23
Q

what does a catalyst do

  1. lower activation energy
  2. Provide an alternative route with a lower activation energy
A
  1. provide an alternative route with a lower activation energy
24
Q

what is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

those which exist in a different phase from the reaction being catalysed.

25
Q

When the Keq > 1 which reaction is favoured?

  • forward
  • backward
A

When Keq > 1 the forward reaction is favoured.

26
Q

what factors affect the rate of the reaction?

A

pressure, temperature and concentration

27
Q

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the system shown, if:

0.1908 moles of CO2 0.0908 moles of H2

and 0.0092 moles of H2O vapour were present in a 2.00 L reaction vessel were present at equilibrium.

A
28
Q

What is the reaction quotient?

A

the ratio of concentrations of the products of a reaction with the concentrations of the reactants

29
Q

aA + bB –> cC + dD

the reaction quotient is?

A
30
Q

Why is the reaction quotient used in stead of the equilibrium expression?

A

Q gives the same ratio the equilibrium expression gives, but for a system that is not at equilibrium.

31
Q

What kind of reaction is this?

A

an endothermic reaction.

32
Q

what is the second arrow representing?

A

energy absorbed

33
Q

what does the y axis represent?

A

potential energy

34
Q

What is the arrhenius equation? and what does it calculate?

A

rate constant

k = Ae - Ea / (RT)

35
Q

How do you calculate the Q - Reaction Quotient?

A
36
Q

K is what?

A

rate constant

37
Q

If Q> K what happens to the equation?

A

the reaction goes from right to left where reactants are preffered over products

38
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?

A

If we change the conditions factors such as the ones mentioned above of a reaction system in equilibrium, the system will shift in such a way as to reduce the imbalance caused by the stress. Examples of stresses include increasing or decreasing chemical concentrations or temperature changes.

39
Q

Which side will be favoured? given the pressure increases.

A

The forward reaction because the forward reaction will because it will result in less moles of gas.

40
Q

name three ways in which pressure can be changed in a system to affect the chemical reaction at equilbrium

A

a) increasing the volume, therefore lowering the pressure
b) decreasing the volume thereby increasing the pressure.
c) raising the total pressure by adding an inert (non-reacting) gas

41
Q

Would adding a catalyst to anything to a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

A

yes it would if a change in pressure, concentration or temperature is first implemented

42
Q
A

to the right

43
Q

which way will the reaction equilibrium shift?

A

to the left

44
Q
A

left

45
Q
A

neither because each side has the same amount of moles

46
Q
A

neither, both are sped up

47
Q
A

to the right

48
Q

what happens here at ?

A

the equilibrium is reestablished

49
Q

the habers process is ___exo/endo thermic?

A

exothermic

50
Q
A

recycled

51
Q

how is an equilibrium pushed to the right in this reaction of the Haber process

A

by removing ammonia and also increasing pressure and lowering temperature

52
Q

what happens at the cathode and what happends at the anode?

A

reduction occurs at the cathode and oxidation at the annode

53
Q

what is the electromotive force?

A

the potential difference between two electrodes. This can be measured using a voltmeter.

54
Q

the maximum voltage of a cell can be calculated using experimentally determined values called ___ ___ ___?

A

standard electrode potentials.

55
Q

how is the emf calculated?

A

the standard electrode potentials of the reactions.

56
Q

calculate the emf of the cell based on the following net reaction

A

GAMSAT general chemistry (11 decks)

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