General concepts

Question 1

Resonance structures are separated in the stick diagrams by ______

Answer 1

double headed arrows

Question 2

What are the two priniciples that decide which resonance structure is more stable?

Answer 2

one. atoms in general, “don’t like” charges, so having no charge is better.
two. The resonance structure with a complete octet is more stable.

Question 3

which one is more stable?

Answer 3

the left side because the charge is on the bigger atom

Question 4

which is more stable?

Answer 4

left side because the charge is on the bigger atom

Question 5

what is this called - functional group

Answer 5

acyl halide

Question 6

what is this called - functional group?

Answer 6

aldehyde

Question 7

name this ___Butyl?

Answer 7

isobutyl

Question 8

name this ___propyl

Answer 8

isopropyl

Question 9

Name this?

Answer 9

propyl

Question 10

name this red functional group

Question 11

name this functional group in red

Answer 11

tert-butyl

Question 12

name this

Answer 12

2,3 - dimethylpentane

Question 13

Three steps of halogenation

Answer 13

Initiation, propagation and termination in Radical Halogenation.

Question 14

What happens during the initiation

Answer 14

formation of radicals from a molecule by homolytic cleavage

Question 15

What is the propagation step ?

Answer 15

Reaction between a neutral molecule and a radical.

Question 16

What is the termination step?

Answer 16

Reaction of two radicals to form a molecule

Question 17

what is this reaction?

Answer 17

Proton transfer

Question 18

what do each of these arrows mean? With regards to electron transfer

Answer 18

Question 19

The chair conformation of the cyclohexane is ___ more/less___ stable than the boat conformation?

Answer 19

more stable

note: a conformation having a lower energy implies higher relative stability

Question 20

what are the two types of hydrogen-carbon bonds? in a cyclohexane

Answer 20

equatorial and axial

Question 21

which is more stable?

Answer 21

the second conformation because of less steric interactions.

Question 22

two types of catalysts?

Answer 22

heterogeneous and homogeneous

Question 23

what does a catalyst do

1. lower activation energy
2. Provide an alternative route with a lower activation energy

Answer 23

2. provide an alternative route with a lower activation energy

Question 24

what is a heterogeneous catalyst?

Answer 24

those which exist in a different phase from the reaction being catalysed.

Question 25

When the Keq \> 1 which reaction is favoured? - forward - backward

Answer 25

When Keq \> 1 the forward reaction is favoured.

Question 26

what factors affect the rate of the reaction?

Answer 26

pressure, temperature and concentration

Question 27

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, K_c, for the system shown, if: 0.1908 moles of CO₂ 0.0908 moles of H₂ and 0.0092 moles of H₂O vapour were present in a 2.00 L reaction vessel were present at equilibrium.

Answer 27

Question 28

What is the reaction quotient?

Answer 28

the ratio of concentrations of the products of a reaction with the concentrations of the reactants

Question 29

aA + bB --\> cC + dD the reaction quotient is?

Answer 29

Question 30

Why is the reaction quotient used in stead of the equilibrium expression?

Answer 30

Q gives the same ratio the equilibrium expression gives, but for a system that is not at equilibrium.

Question 31

What kind of reaction is this?

Answer 31

an endothermic reaction.

Question 32

what is the second arrow representing?

Answer 32

energy absorbed

Question 33

what does the y axis represent?

Answer 33

potential energy

Question 34

What is the arrhenius equation? and what does it calculate?

Answer 34

rate constant k = Ae - E_a / (RT)

Question 35

How do you calculate the Q - Reaction Quotient?

Answer 35

Question 36

K is what?

Answer 36

rate constant

Question 37

If Q\> K what happens to the equation?

Answer 37

the reaction goes from right to left where reactants are preffered over products

Question 38

What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

Answer 38

If we change the conditions factors such as the ones mentioned above of a reaction system in equilibrium, the system will shift in such a way as to reduce the imbalance caused by the stress. Examples of stresses include increasing or decreasing chemical concentrations or temperature changes.

Question 39

Which side will be favoured? given the pressure increases.

Answer 39

The forward reaction because the forward reaction will because it will result in less moles of gas.

Question 40

name three ways in which pressure can be changed in a system to affect the chemical reaction at equilbrium

Answer 40

a) increasing the volume, therefore lowering the pressure b) decreasing the volume thereby increasing the pressure. c) raising the total pressure by adding an inert (non-reacting) gas

Question 41

Would adding a catalyst to anything to a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

Answer 41

yes it would if a change in pressure, concentration or temperature is first implemented

Question 42

Answer 42

to the right

Question 43

which way will the reaction equilibrium shift?

Answer 43

to the left

Question 44

Answer 44

left

Question 45

Answer 45

neither because each side has the same amount of moles

Question 46

Answer 46

neither, both are sped up

Question 47

Answer 47

to the right

Question 48

what happens here at ?

Answer 48

the equilibrium is reestablished

Question 49

the habers process is \_\_\_exo/endo thermic?

Answer 49

exothermic

Question 50

Answer 50

recycled

Question 51

how is an equilibrium pushed to the right in this reaction of the Haber process

Answer 51

by removing ammonia and also increasing pressure and lowering temperature

Question 52

what happens at the cathode and what happends at the anode?

Answer 52

reduction occurs at the cathode and oxidation at the annode

Question 53

what is the electromotive force?

Answer 53

the potential difference between two electrodes. This can be measured using a voltmeter.

Question 54

the maximum voltage of a cell can be calculated using experimentally determined values called ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_?

Answer 54

standard electrode potentials.

Question 55

how is the emf calculated?

Answer 55

the standard electrode potentials of the reactions.

Question 56

calculate the emf of the cell based on the following net reaction

Answer 56