general concept - research methods Flashcards
is an organized, dynamic, and creative scientific activity.
research
is necessary to generate new knowledge in the field of basic science and technologies and directed solely by the intellectual curiosity of the researcher, without potential practical application.
basic research
directs towards solving practical problems with functional applications, for betterment of human beings in every field, with optimal use of available resources.
applied research
that the findings from the applied research pose question for the basic research.
interrelated
to any information that can be quantified — that is, numbers.
quantitative
is descriptive, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values.
qualitative data
Participants are randomly assigned to either the control group or an experimental group.
Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
A study involving non-randomized groups (i.e.,
experimental, comparison/control), which helps determine the effects of the intervention.
Controlled trial
This type of experimental design allows researchers to closely examine specific changes in each participant.
Single-subject designs
this type of experimental design allows researchers to closely examine specific changes in each participant.
single-case experimental designs
This is a study in which participants first receive one type of treatment and then researchers switch them to a different type of treatment.
Cross-over trial
is an observational design study, possibly including a control group, in which researchers follow participants over time to determine the factors leading to different outcomes.
cohort
A description of uncontrolled, non-experimental events and outcomes for a series of similar cases who receive the same intervention or have the same outcome.
Case series
A case study is an uncontrolled, observational study of events and outcomes in a single case.
Case study
This is a study of a single sample at one point in time to understand the relationships among variables in the sample.
Cross-sectional
This retrospective, observational study identifies an outcome of interest and compares a sample of people with that outcome (case) and a sample of people without that outcome (control).
Case–control
combines the findings from primary research studies and provides conclusions about that body of evidence.
secondary research
combines the findings from primary research studies and provides conclusions about that body of evidence.
synthesized research
use systematic methods to search for and compile a body of evidence to answer a research or clinical question about the efficacy/effectiveness of an assessment or treatment approach.
Systematic reviews
use systematic and statistical methods to answer a research or clinical question about a specific assessment or treatment approach.
Meta-analyses
are systematically developed statements created by a group of subject matter experts to provide a comprehensive overview of a disorder, detail the benefits and harms of specific assessment and treatment approaches, and optimize delivery of services.
Clinical practice guidelines
A systematic review of the evidence informs the
group of experts and their recommendations.
Evidence-based recommendations
These recommendations are based on a summary of
expert opinions.
Consensus-based recommendations
are empirically developed evaluation tools with established statistical reliability and validity.
Standardized assessments
are standardized tests designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another.
Norm-referenced tests
are standardized tests that measure an individual’s performance against a set of predetermined criteria or performance standards (e.g., descriptions of what an individual is expected to know or be able to do at a specific stage of development or level of education).
Criterion-referenced tests
is one that does not rely on a standardized test, often because the student being evaluated does not fit the normative sample for the test.
A nonstandard assessment
focuses on describing the visible characteristics of a dataset (a population or sample).
Descriptive statistics
focus on making predictions or generalizations about a larger dataset, based on a sample of those data.
Inferential statistics
