GENERAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Mass #
protons + neutrons
atomic #
of protons
Mass in grams on periodic table
average of all isotopes
Important Groups on periodic table
- alkali metals - basic, react with H2O (explosive), highly exothermic rxn, form strong base
- alkali earth metals - basic, not as reactive but still reactive to H2O, gets stronger as you move down group
- Noble gases- has full octet, no reactive
- Halogens
* transition metals form bright colored complexes
what are the 4 orbitals?
s,p,d,f
Rules for orbitals
n = Shell#, n^2 = number of orbitals 2n^2 = max # of electron capacity
Exceptions to electron configuration rules
Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Chromium (Cr), Molybdium (Mb)
*full or partial subshells are more stable
Paramagnetic
attracted to a magnetic field, have unpaired electrons (at least one unpaired)
Diamagnetic
has slight deflection away from magnetic field
all electrons are paired
n, l, ml, ms
n= principle quantum number - tells what shell you are in
l = azimuthal quantum # - tells the type of subshell (s,p,d,f) s = 0, p =1, d=2, f=3
ml = magnetic quantum # - tells specific orbital
ms= spin quantum # - tells if electron is up or down spin
range of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
n = 1 to infinity l = 0 to (n-1) ml = -l to l ms = -1/2 or + 1/2
electron is higher energy
farther from nucleus
electron is lower energy closer tot he nucleus
Nuclear force/Nuclear binding energy
energy that holds protons and neutrons together (overpowering electrostatic forces of +++)
alpha particle
same as helium nucleus 4/2 He
heaviest particle, not very penatrative to skin
Proton
1/1 P
Neutron
1/0 N
Beta particle/electron
0/-1 B or 0/-1e
positron
0/+1 B or 0/+1 e
gamma ray
0/0 Y
the lightest particle, very penetrative to skin
Stable nucleus
- has even # of protons and/or neutrons
- needs 1:1 ratio N/Z (neutrons to protons) – only up to atomic #20.
- magic #s
alpha decay
emission of 4/2 alpha
most heavy atoms under go this to get rid of mass
for atomic # >83
beta decay
emission of 0/-1 e
used when N/Z is too high (need to get rid of neutrons)
n–>p to get a 1:1 ratio
positron emission
emission of 0/+1 e
when N/Z too low (turning proton to neutron) to get 1:1 ratio
Electron Capture
NOT emission (this is on reactant side) – nucleus pulls electron from inner core 0/-1 e
turning proton to neutron when N/Z is too low to get 1:1 ratio
Kinetics of Nuclear decay
FIRST ORDER
rate is proportional to concentration and have CONSTANT half life
Most stable nucleus
56/26 Fe
has highest nuclear binding energy PER NUCLEON
nucleon is a proton or neutron
*any element close to this mass# has a high nuclear binding energy per nucleon
VSEPR Theory
know all molecular and electron domain geometries
