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MS3 - Clinical biochem > General Biochemistry > Flashcards

General Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolality definition

A

Number of particles in 1kg of solvent

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2
Q

Osmolality unit

A

mOsm/kg

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3
Q

Osmolarity definition

A

Number of particles in 1L of solution

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4
Q

Vasopressin

A

ADH

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5
Q

ADH synthesis and secretion site

A

Synthesised - Hypothalamus

Secreted - Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Triggers for ADH secretion

A

Stress - pain, nausea
Hypovolaemia by 10%
Drugs - analgesics, antidepressants

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7
Q

Action of ADH

A

Increased water permeability in distal tubule

Water reabsorption

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8
Q

Triggers for renin secretion

A

Reduced NaCl delivery
Increased catecholamines
Hypotension

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9
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system

A

Angiotensinogen (liver) –renin –>Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I –ACE (lungs)–> angiotensin II
Angiotensin II – peptidase (plasma) –> angiotensin III (inactive)

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10
Q

Actions of Angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction
Thirst
Increased Na absorption
Aldosterone release

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11
Q

Aldosterone secretion site

A

Adrenal cortex

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12
Q

Aldosterone actions

A

Water retention

Sodium retention

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13
Q

Hormones secreted by kidney

A

Hydroxylated Vit D
Renin
Erythropoietin

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14
Q

Factors contributing to GFR

A

Pre-renal: HTN
Renal: Glomerular function
Post-renal: Tubular luminal pressure (eg. BPH)

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15
Q

GFR definition

A

Glomerular filtrate formed per minute in all nephrons of both kidneys

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16
Q

Factors affecting serum creatinine

A

Renal function

Muscle mass

17
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid
Low protein
Filtration across capillary endothelium
Due to oncotic pressure

18
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid
High protein
Increased permeability
Due to inflammatory process

19
Q

Lights criteria

A

Fluid Albumin : Serum Albumin > 0.5

Then fluid = exudate

20
Q

Causes of protein uria

A 
Nephrotic syndrome
Glomerulonephritis
Tubular damage
Overflow
UTI
21
Q

Causes of tubular damage

A

Heavy metals
Renotoxic drugs
Chronic pyelonephritis
Fanconi syndrome

22
Q

Acute phase proteins which increase

A 
CRP
Ferritin
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Fibrinogen
Caeruloplasmin
Serum Amyloid A
23
Q

Acute phase proteins which decrease

A

Albumin

Transferrin

24
Q

Haptoglobulin

A

Binds free Hb from haemolysis

Taken up by reticuloendothelial system

25
Q

Low Haptoglobulin

A

Haemolytic anaemia

Sepsis

26
Q

Caeruloplasmin

A

Copper carrying protein

Low in Wilson’s disease

27
Q

Sources of ALP

A

Liver
Biliary tree
Bone
Placenta

28
Q

Role of α-1 antitrypsin

A
  • α-1 protease inhibitor

- Normally controls proteolytic enzymes from macrophages

29
Q

α-1 antitrypsin deficiency associations

A

Liver cirrhosis

Early COPD

MS3 - Clinical biochem (11 decks)

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