General and lymphadenopathy Flashcards
What are the top haematological malignancies from most-least common?
- Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Multiple Myeloma
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
What factors are strongly associated with the development of haematological malignancies?
- Reduced immunity
- Infection
- Previous cancer treatment
- Unknown
What infections are strongly associated with haematological malignancies?
o EBV
o HTLV-1 and HHV-8
What type of chemotherapy increases the risk of leukaemia?
o Alkylating chemotherapy
Which haematological malignancies are curable?
- Multiple myeloma
- Acute myeloid leukaemia
- Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
What is classed as ‘clinically relevant’ lymphadenopathy?
- Adult >1cm or 1.5cm at level 2
- Paediatric >2cm
- Any node with associated head/neck symptoms that is persistent
What are the inflammatory causes of lymphadenopathy?
- TB
- HIV
- Bacteria
- Viruses
What are the main bacterial causes of lymphadenopathy?
- Streptococcus group A
- Staph aureus
- Strep pneumoniae
- Anaerobes (fusobacterium – teeth)
- Bartonella (cat scratch disease)
- Note toxoplasmosis (parasite)
What are the main viral causes of lymphadenopathy?
- Adenovirus
- Rhinovirus
- Coxsackie A and B
- EBV
What does a metastatic lymph node feel like?
Hard, can be fixed and irregular
What could be a cause of supraclavicular lymphadenopathy?
Secondary to…
- Lung
- GI
What is the most common cause of enlarged head and neck lymph nodes?
Metastases from head and neck primaries: • Mucosa squamous carcinoma • Thyroid cancer • Salivary gland cancer • Skin cancer (squamous, melanoma)
What may you as about in a history concerning lymphadenopathy?
- Pain
- Hoarseness
- Dysphagia
- Neck lump
What are the 2 groups that tonsil cancer affects?
- Middle aged elderly smoker/drinker
2. Young person 30-40 non-smoker
What are the risk factors for tongue cancer?
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- HPV
- Cannabis
