General Anatomy (intro)

Question 1

What is general anatomy?

Answer 1

Anatomy is a broad field of science in which the body is studied at different levels.

Question 2

What are the branches of Anatomy?

Answer 2

Gross anatomy

Microscopic (histology) anatomy

Developmental anatomy- Embryology

Pathological anatomy

Radiographic anatomy

Question 3

What are the anatomical positions?

Answer 3

Standard reference position of the body used to describe location of a structure.

Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the person standing erect with feet together and eyes forward

• Head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
• Upper limbs by the side with palms facing anteriorly (supinated)
• Lower limbs close together with feet parallel.

Question 4

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 4

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures

Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

4 main planes of reference:

Median plane
Sagittal plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse plane

Question 5

What are the median plane (mid-sagittal)?

Answer 5

• Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
• Passes longitudinally.
• Divides the body into equal right and left halves

Question 6

What are the sagittal planes (para-sagittal, para-median)?

Answer 6

• Vertical planes.
• Parallel to median plane.
• Parallel to the sternum

Question 7

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

Answer 7

• vertical plane dividing the body into front and back portions
• right angles to the median plane

Question 8

What is transverse plane?

Answer 8

• the horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
• right angles to median and frontal planes

Question 9

What is a superior (cranial)?

Answer 9

Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body.

Question 10

What is an inferior (caudal)?

Answer 10

Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body.

Question 11

What is an anterior (ventral) structure?

Answer 11

Refers to the structure that is more in front

Question 12

What is a posterior (dorsal)?

Answer 12

Refers to the structure being more in back

Question 13

What is a medial structure?

Answer 13

Refers to the structure being closer to the midline of the body

Question 14

What is a lateral structure?

Answer 14

Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline of the body.

Question 15

What is the term distal?

Answer 15

Refers to the structure being further away from the root of the limb.

Question 16

What is the term proximal?

Answer 16

Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb

Question 17

What is the term superficial?

Answer 17

Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body. For example sternum compared to the heart.

Question 18

What is the term deep?

Answer 18

Refers to a structure being further away from the surface of the body. For example heart compared to the sternum.

Question 19

What is the term palmer?

Answer 19

Palm of the hand

Question 20

What is the term plantar?

Answer 20

Sole of the foot

Question 21

What is internal and external?

Answer 21

Distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity.

Question 22

What are the four terms of laterality?

Answer 22

Bilateral - paired structures with right and left members
Unilateral - structure occurring on one side
Ipsilateral - same side of the body
Contralateral - opposite side of the body

Question 23

What is the term prone?

Answer 23

Lying face down

Question 24

What is the term Supine?

Answer 24

Lying face up

Question 25

What is the term protrusion?

Answer 25

Moving a part forward

Question 26

What is the term retrusion?

Answer 26

Moving a part backward

Question 27

What is the term lateral flexion?

Answer 27

Side-bending left or right

Question 28

What is the term adduction?

Answer 28

Moving a body part towards midline of the body in the frontal plane

Question 29

What is the term abduction?

Answer 29

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.

Question 30

What is the term flexion?

Answer 30

Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between body parts

Question 31

What is the term extension?

Answer 31

Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between body parts

Question 32

What is the term hyperextension?

Answer 32

Excessive extensive of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Question 33

What is the term Elevation?

Answer 33

Raising a part/moving superiorly

Question 34

What is the term depression?

Answer 34

Lowering a part/moving inferiorly

Question 35

What is the term protraction?

Answer 35

Anterolateral movement of scapula of thoracic wall

Question 36

What is the term Retraction?

Answer 36

Posteromedical movement of scapula on thoracic wall.

Question 37

What is the term pronation?

Answer 37

- medical rotation of the forearm and hands so that the palm faces posteriorly.

Question 38

What is the term supination?

Answer 38

Lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly

Question 39

What is the term rotation?

Answer 39

Moving a part of the body around its long axis.

Question 40

What is the term medical (internal) rotation?

Answer 40

Anterior surface faces medially

Question 41

What is the term lateral (external) rotation?

Answer 41

Anterior surface faces laterally

Question 42

What is the term circumduction?

Answer 42

- circular motion at the hip or shoulder (of the limb) - combination in sequence the movement of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Question 43

What are the four types of foot movement?

Answer 43

- inversion - turning the sole of the foot inwards - eversion - turning the sole of the foot outwards - dorsiflexion - ankle movement bringing the foot towards the leg - plantarflexion - ankle movement pointing the foot downwards.

Question 44

What are the type of wrist and thumb movements?

Answer 44

- ulnar deviation - movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side/little finger - opposition - movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand - reposition - from position of opposition to its anatomical - radial deviation - movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side/thumb - pronation - medial rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces posteriorly - supination - lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly