General Anatomy (intro) Flashcards
What is general anatomy?
Anatomy is a broad field of science in which the body is studied at different levels.
What are the branches of Anatomy?
Gross anatomy
Microscopic (histology) anatomy
Developmental anatomy- Embryology
Pathological anatomy
Radiographic anatomy
What are the anatomical positions?
Standard reference position of the body used to describe location of a structure.
Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the person standing erect with feet together and eyes forward
- Head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
- Upper limbs by the side with palms facing anteriorly (supinated)
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel.
What are the anatomical planes?
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
4 main planes of reference:
Median plane
Sagittal plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse plane
What are the median plane (mid-sagittal)?
- Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
- Passes longitudinally.
- Divides the body into equal right and left halves
What are the sagittal planes (para-sagittal, para-median)?
- Vertical planes.
- Parallel to median plane.
- Parallel to the sternum
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
- vertical plane dividing the body into front and back portions
- right angles to the median plane
What is transverse plane?
- the horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
- right angles to median and frontal planes
What is a superior (cranial)?
Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body.
What is an inferior (caudal)?
Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body.
What is an anterior (ventral) structure?
Refers to the structure that is more in front
What is a posterior (dorsal)?
Refers to the structure being more in back
What is a medial structure?
Refers to the structure being closer to the midline of the body
What is a lateral structure?
Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline of the body.
What is the term distal?
Refers to the structure being further away from the root of the limb.
What is the term proximal?
Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb
What is the term superficial?
Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body. For example sternum compared to the heart.
What is the term deep?
Refers to a structure being further away from the surface of the body. For example heart compared to the sternum.
What is the term palmer?
Palm of the hand
What is the term plantar?
Sole of the foot
What is internal and external?
Distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity.
What are the four terms of laterality?
Bilateral - paired structures with right and left members
Unilateral - structure occurring on one side
Ipsilateral - same side of the body
Contralateral - opposite side of the body
What is the term prone?
Lying face down
What is the term Supine?
Lying face up
What is the term protrusion?
Moving a part forward
What is the term retrusion?
Moving a part backward
What is the term lateral flexion?
Side-bending left or right
What is the term adduction?
Moving a body part towards midline of the body in the frontal plane
What is the term abduction?
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.
What is the term flexion?
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between body parts
What is the term extension?
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between body parts
What is the term hyperextension?
Excessive extensive of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.
What is the term Elevation?
Raising a part/moving superiorly
What is the term depression?
Lowering a part/moving inferiorly
What is the term protraction?
Anterolateral movement of scapula of thoracic wall
What is the term Retraction?
Posteromedical movement of scapula on thoracic wall.
What is the term pronation?
- medical rotation of the forearm and hands so that the palm faces posteriorly.
What is the term supination?
Lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly
What is the term rotation?
Moving a part of the body around its long axis.
What is the term medical (internal) rotation?
Anterior surface faces medially
What is the term lateral (external) rotation?
Anterior surface faces laterally
What is the term circumduction?
- circular motion at the hip or shoulder (of the limb)
- combination in sequence the movement of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
What are the four types of foot movement?
- inversion - turning the sole of the foot inwards
- eversion - turning the sole of the foot outwards
- dorsiflexion - ankle movement bringing the foot towards the leg
- plantarflexion - ankle movement pointing the foot downwards.
What are the type of wrist and thumb movements?
- ulnar deviation - movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side/little finger
- opposition - movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand
- reposition - from position of opposition to its anatomical
- radial deviation - movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side/thumb
- pronation - medial rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces posteriorly
- supination - lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly
