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General Anatomy > General Anatomy (intro) > Flashcards

General Anatomy (intro) Flashcards

1
Q

What is general anatomy?

A

Anatomy is a broad field of science in which the body is studied at different levels.

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2
Q

What are the branches of Anatomy?

A

Gross anatomy

Microscopic (histology) anatomy

Developmental anatomy- Embryology

Pathological anatomy

Radiographic anatomy

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3
Q

What are the anatomical positions?

A

Standard reference position of the body used to describe location of a structure.

Refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the person standing erect with feet together and eyes forward

  • Head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
  • Upper limbs by the side with palms facing anteriorly (supinated)
  • Lower limbs close together with feet parallel.
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4
Q

What are the anatomical planes?

A

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures

Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

4 main planes of reference:

Median plane
Sagittal plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse plane

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5
Q

What are the median plane (mid-sagittal)?

A
  • Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions
  • Passes longitudinally.
  • Divides the body into equal right and left halves
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6
Q

What are the sagittal planes (para-sagittal, para-median)?

A
  • Vertical planes.
  • Parallel to median plane.
  • Parallel to the sternum
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7
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A
  • vertical plane dividing the body into front and back portions
  • right angles to the median plane
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8
Q

What is transverse plane?

A
  • the horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
  • right angles to median and frontal planes
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9
Q

What is a superior (cranial)?

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body.

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10
Q

What is an inferior (caudal)?

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body.

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11
Q

What is an anterior (ventral) structure?

A

Refers to the structure that is more in front

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12
Q

What is a posterior (dorsal)?

A

Refers to the structure being more in back

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13
Q

What is a medial structure?

A

Refers to the structure being closer to the midline of the body

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14
Q

What is a lateral structure?

A

Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline of the body.

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15
Q

What is the term distal?

A

Refers to the structure being further away from the root of the limb.

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16
Q

What is the term proximal?

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb

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17
Q

What is the term superficial?

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body. For example sternum compared to the heart.

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18
Q

What is the term deep?

A

Refers to a structure being further away from the surface of the body. For example heart compared to the sternum.

19
Q

What is the term palmer?

A

Palm of the hand

20
Q

What is the term plantar?

A

Sole of the foot

21
Q

What is internal and external?

A

Distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity.

22
Q

What are the four terms of laterality?

A

Bilateral - paired structures with right and left members
Unilateral - structure occurring on one side
Ipsilateral - same side of the body
Contralateral - opposite side of the body

23
Q

What is the term prone?

A

Lying face down

24
Q

What is the term Supine?

A

Lying face up

25
Q

What is the term protrusion?

A

Moving a part forward

26
Q

What is the term retrusion?

A

Moving a part backward

27
Q

What is the term lateral flexion?

A

Side-bending left or right

28
Q

What is the term adduction?

A

Moving a body part towards midline of the body in the frontal plane

29
Q

What is the term abduction?

A

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane.

30
Q

What is the term flexion?

A

Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between body parts

31
Q

What is the term extension?

A

Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between body parts

32
Q

What is the term hyperextension?

A

Excessive extensive of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

33
Q

What is the term Elevation?

A

Raising a part/moving superiorly

34
Q

What is the term depression?

A

Lowering a part/moving inferiorly

35
Q

What is the term protraction?

A

Anterolateral movement of scapula of thoracic wall

36
Q

What is the term Retraction?

A

Posteromedical movement of scapula on thoracic wall.

37
Q

What is the term pronation?

A
  • medical rotation of the forearm and hands so that the palm faces posteriorly.
38
Q

What is the term supination?

A

Lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly

39
Q

What is the term rotation?

A

Moving a part of the body around its long axis.

40
Q

What is the term medical (internal) rotation?

A

Anterior surface faces medially

41
Q

What is the term lateral (external) rotation?

A

Anterior surface faces laterally

42
Q

What is the term circumduction?

A
  • circular motion at the hip or shoulder (of the limb)
  • combination in sequence the movement of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
43
Q

What are the four types of foot movement?

A
  • inversion - turning the sole of the foot inwards
  • eversion - turning the sole of the foot outwards
  • dorsiflexion - ankle movement bringing the foot towards the leg
  • plantarflexion - ankle movement pointing the foot downwards.
44
Q

What are the type of wrist and thumb movements?

A
  • ulnar deviation - movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side/little finger
  • opposition - movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand
  • reposition - from position of opposition to its anatomical
  • radial deviation - movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side/thumb
  • pronation - medial rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces posteriorly
  • supination - lateral rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces anteriorly

General Anatomy (17 decks)

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