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Anaesthesia > General Anaesthesia > Flashcards

General Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of anaesthesia?

A

Anaesthesia is the reversible loss of response to noxious stimuli.

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2
Q

What is general anaesthesia?

A

General anaesthesia is when anaesthesia is associated with loss of consciousness.

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3
Q

What is a general anaesthetic?

A

A general anaesthetic is a drug that brings about reversible loss of consciousness.

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4
Q

Who administers general anaesthetics?

A

General anaesthetics are administered by an anaesthesiologist.

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5
Q

Name the stages of anaesthesia.

A

The stages of anaesthesia are Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV.

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6
Q

Describe Stage I of anaesthesia.

A

Stage I is Analgesia.

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7
Q

Describe Stage II of anaesthesia.

A

Stage II is Excitement, a dangerous state with combative behaviour.

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8
Q

Describe Stage III of anaesthesia.

A

Stage III is Surgical anaesthesia.

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9
Q

Describe Stage IV of anaesthesia.

A

Stage IV is Medullary paralysis where respiratory and vasomotor control ceases.

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10
Q

What are the planes of Stage III anaesthesia?

A

The planes of Stage III anaesthesia are Plane 1, Plane 2, Plane 3, and Plane 4.

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11
Q

What happens during Plane 1 of Stage III anaesthesia?

A

In Plane 1, there are roving movements of the eyeballs.

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12
Q

What happens during Plane 2 of Stage III anaesthesia?

A

In Plane 2, there is progressive loss of corneal, blink, and eyelid reflexes.

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13
Q

What happens during Plane 3 of Stage III anaesthesia?

A

In Plane 3, pupils start dilating, and muscle relaxation occurs.

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14
Q

What happens during Plane 4 of Stage III anaesthesia?

A

In Plane 4, only abdominal/diaphragmatic respiration remains, and pupils are fully dilated.

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15
Q

How is anaesthesia classified?

A

Anaesthesia is classified into inhalational and intravenous types.

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16
Q

What are the two main types of anaesthesia?

A

The two main types are inhalational and intravenous anaesthesia.

17
Q

Name the types of inhalational anaesthetics.

A

Inhalational anaesthetics include non-halogenated (nitrous oxide) and halogenated (halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, enflurane, sevoflurane).

18
Q

What is balanced anaesthesia?

A

Balanced anaesthesia uses a combination of drugs to achieve different anaesthetic effects.

19
Q

What are the components of balanced anaesthesia?

A

The components of balanced anaesthesia are unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and reflex abolition.

20
Q

Name the non-halogenated inhalational anaesthetic.

A

Nitrous oxide is the non-halogenated inhalational anaesthetic.

21
Q

Name the halogenated inhalational anaesthetics.

A

Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics are halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, enflurane, and sevoflurane.

22
Q

What is the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC)?

A

The MAC is the minimum alveolar concentration of an anaesthetic agent that produces immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a standard noxious stimulus.

23
Q

What factors decrease MAC?

A

Factors that decrease MAC include hypothermia, hyponatremia, pregnancy, old age, and severe anaemia.

24
Q

What factors increase MAC?

A

Factors that increase MAC include hyperthermia, hypernatremia, and CNS stimulants.

25
Q

What determines the depth of anaesthesia?

A

The depth of anaesthesia depends primarily on the partial pressure of the anaesthetic in the brain.

26
Q

How does solubility in blood affect anaesthesia induction and recovery?

A

Low solubility in blood results in fast induction and recovery, while high solubility results in slower induction and recovery.

27
Q

List the factors that determine anaesthetic depth.

A

Factors determining anaesthetic depth include inspired concentration, alveolar ventilation, solubility in blood, solubility in tissues, and cardiac output.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the ideal inhalational agent?

A

The ideal inhalational agent is non-irritant, chemically stable, non-flammable, and produces unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

29
Q

What is nitrous oxide commonly known as?

A

Nitrous oxide is commonly known as laughing gas.

30
Q

What are the advantages of nitrous oxide?

A

Advantages of nitrous oxide include non-flammability, non-irritant properties, potent analgesic effects, rapid onset, and minimal toxicity.

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of nitrous oxide?

A

Disadvantages of nitrous oxide include weak anaesthetic potency, no muscle relaxation, and the risk of diffusion hypoxia.

32
Q

What is halothane used for?

A

Halothane is used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia.

33
Q

What are the effects of halothane on the cardiovascular system?

A

Halothane reduces arterial blood pressure and causes coronary artery vasodilation.

34
Q

What are the effects of halothane on the respiratory system?

A

Halothane causes rapid, shallow breathing, decreases alveolar ventilation, and is a potent bronchodilator.

35
Q

Name two common inhalational agents used in paediatric anaesthesia.

A

Halothane and sevoflurane are commonly used inhalational agents in paediatric anaesthesia.

Anaesthesia (16 decks)

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