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NMF: Cardio > GENERAL > Flashcards

GENERAL Flashcards

1
Q

How should query stable angina be investigated?

A

CT coronary angiogram

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2
Q

What medication should be started in heart failure?

A

ACE-inhibitor and a beta-blocker

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3
Q

If someone with heart failure is continuing to get symptoms on an ACE-inhibitor and a beta-blocker, which medication should be added?

A

spironolactone

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4
Q

Which drug can’t be used with a beta-blocker? why?

A

verapamil

risk of complete heart block

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5
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus?

A

> 10 fall in SBP with inspiration

sign of tamponade

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6
Q

Which heart failure drugs have a prognostic benefit?

A

selective beta blockers
ACE-inhibitors
spironolactone

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7
Q

Which heart failure drugs have a symptomatic benefit only?

A

loop diuretics
digoxin
nitrates

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8
Q

What are the causes of RAD?

A

normal
inspiration
RBBB
RV hypertrophy

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9
Q

What are the causes of LAD?

A

expiration
LBBB
left anterior hemiblock

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10
Q

What are the causes of AF?

A 
PIRATES
PE
ischaemia
respiratory disease
atrial enlargement
thyroid disease
ethanol
sepsis
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11
Q

ST elevation in which lead indicates inferior MI??

A

II, III and aVF

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12
Q

ST elevation in which lead indicates anterior MI?

A

v1-4

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13
Q

ST elevation in which lead indicates lateral MI?

A

I, avL, v5, v6

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14
Q

Which vessel supplies inferior heart?

A

right coronary artery

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15
Q

Which vessel supplies anterior heart?

A

LAD

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16
Q

which vessel supplies high lateral heart (I, aVL)?

A

LAD

17
Q

which vessel supplies low lateral heart (v5,v6)?

A

circumflex

18
Q

What causes palpitations?

A 
ectopic beats
supraventricular tachycardia
paroxysmal AF
sick-sinus syndrome
VT
anxiety
thyrotoxicosis
19
Q

What ECG changes indicate posterior MI?

A

tall R waves in v1,v2

20
Q

Name some complications of MI

A 
DARTH VADER
death
arrythmia (VT)
rupture (septum, free wall or papillary muscle)
tamponade 
heart failure
valve disease
aneurysm
dressler's
embolism
regurgitation (mitral)
21
Q

What effect does digoxin have on the heart?

A

-ve chronotrope (Dec hr)

+ve inotrope (inc force of contraction)

22
Q

How fast can atria go?

A

300-600 bpm

23
Q

How does digoxin work?

A

affects NA/K ATP pump at AV node to slow conduction and stimulates vagal nerve

24
Q

Which murmur is pansystolic?

A

mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation

25
Q

Which murmur is ejection systolic?

A

aortic stenosis

26
Q

Which murmur is associated with a narrow pulse pressure?

A

aortic stenosis

27
Q

Which murmur is associated with a collapsing pulse?

A

aortic regurgitation

28
Q

Which murmur is rumbling, mid-diastolic murmur?

A

mitral stenosis

29
Q

Which murmur is high-pitched, early diastolic?

A

aortic regurgitation

30
Q

Fx of mitral stenosis

A

malar flush
tapping apex beat
loud S1

31
Q

Fx of mitral regurgitation

A

heave

split S2

32
Q

Triad of aortic stenosis

A

chest pain, syncope + heart failure

33
Q

Fx of tricuspid regurgitation

A

ascites
peripheral oedema
hepatomegaly

34
Q

New murmur + fever suggests

A

infective endocarditis

35
Q

What drugs should be started for secondary prevention of MI?

A 
5:
dual antiplatelet (aspirin + clopidogrel)
beta blocker
ACE-inhibitor
statin
36
Q

Manage NSTEMI

A

oxygen

nitrates (gtn then iv isosorbide then morphine if ongoing pain + antiemetic)

aspirin and clopidogrel

fondaparinux or heparin if high bleeding risk

beta blocker

37
Q

Manage STEMI

A

oxygen

nitrates + morphine + anti-emetic

aspirin

PCI or thrombolysis
- prasugrel if PCI and not on an anticoagulant, clopidogrel if PCI and on an anticoagulant

38
Q

Signs of left sided heart failure

A

shortness of breath on exertion
orthopnoea
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
wheeze and cough

39
Q

Signs of right sided heart failure

A

hepatomegaly
raised JVP
ankle oedema

NMF: Cardio (6 decks)

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