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NMF: Cardio > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

middle mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

the area that lies between the lungs

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

the sac surrounding the heart

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

outer fibrous

inner serous

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5
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A

tough, thick, protective layer

prevents overfilling and protects from penetrating injuries

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6
Q

What happens if the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A

haemopericardium can cause an increase in pressure that prevents cardiac contraction

–> cardiac tamponade

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7
Q

Describe the serous pericardium

A

lines heart surface
secreted serous fluid
has visceral and parietal layer

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8
Q

What type of nerves supply the heart?

A

sensory nerves - visceral afferents

motor nerves - sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart rate?

A

slows it down

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10
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart ?

A

speeds up heart rate

increase force of contraction

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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12
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

the visceral serous pericardium

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13
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

layer of muscle

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14
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

internal lining that is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

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15
Q

What does the inferior surface of the heart rest on?

A

the diaphragm

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16
Q

What forms the inferior surface of the heart?

A

both ventricles

17
Q

What forms the anterior surface of the heart?

A

mainly the right ventricle

18
Q

What blood goes into the right side of the heart? via what?

A

deoxygenated blood from the body tissues via the vena cava

19
Q

Where does blood leave the right side of the heart?

A

via the pulmonary artery to the lungs

20
Q

What blood goes into the left side of the heart? via what?

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

21
Q

Where does blood leave the left side of the heart?

A

to the organs and tissues via the aorta

22
Q

Describe the electrical pathway of the heart

A

starts at SA node
travels to AV node
travels down right and left bundles in septum
spreads out to myocardium

23
Q

What part of the heart insulates the electrical signals?

A

fibrous skeleton (valves and septum)

24
Q

Why is it important that there is only one point of electrical conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium?

A

to ensure that atrial contraction and therefore, ventricular filling can be completed before ventricular conctraction

25
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

uncoordinated contraction of myocytes that results in inefficient pumping that can be fatal if it involves the ventricles

26
Q

Which nerve puts a constant effect on SA node that dominates at rest?

A

vagus nerve (parasympathetic)

27
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic supply to the heart?

A

noradrenaline in b1 adrenoceptors

28
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic supply to the heart?

A

acetyl-choline

29
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

A

striated

30
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

protein channels that form low resistance communication to ensure each excitation reaches all the myocytes

31
Q

How is cardiac muscle tension produced?

A

sliding of actin filaments on myocin filaments

shortening of muscle to produce force

32
Q

Is
a) actin
b) myosin
the thick or thin filament?

A

a) thin

b) thick

33
Q

What is the blood supply to the inferior heart?

A

right coronary artery and circumflex artery

34
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior heart and septum?

A

left anterior descending artery

35
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral heart?

A

obtuse marginal branch of the circumflex artery

diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery

NMF: Cardio (6 decks)

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