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Staying Alive > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

% energy that goes through biomass

A

10%

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2
Q

Why is prey behaviour studied more?

A

Easier to assume fixed risk of predation

Prey easier to observe

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3
Q

Encounter rates matter more when …

A

Densities are limited

Sensory ranges are limited

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4
Q

Random walk explanation

A

Step length at time (t) uncorrelated to step length at t+1

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5
Q

Variants of random walks

A

Brownian motion
Correlated random walk
Lévy flight

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6
Q

If slope of line (u) near …, = Lévy flight

A

2

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7
Q

What can prey do to reduce encounter rate when no information about predators

A

Reduce movement
Use refuges
Aggregate

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8
Q

What can prey do to reduce encounter rate when has information about predators

A

Move elsewhere

Or do same as if don’t have cues

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9
Q

First person to write about theories of matching the background

A

Abbott Thayer

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10
Q

Who was Thayer ridiculed by?

A

Theodore Roosevelt

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11
Q

Who came up with the most popular theory of how colour patterns form?

A

Alan Turing

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12
Q

What do we need to describe the background in terms of?

A

Orientation and spatial frequency of edges

Colour of surfaces

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13
Q

“No colour scheme whatever is of much avail to animals when they move, unless movement is very slow and cautious”

Who said this?

A

Theodore Roosevelt

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14
Q

How to conceal motion

A

Move slowly
Move in short bursts
Match the motion of background
Give up and use a different tactic

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15
Q

What does disruptive colouration involve?

A

Colour patches intersecting body outline
Differential blending
Maximum disruptive contrast

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16
Q

What group identified principles of what the brain does to group features together and recognise objects?

A

Gestalt school of psychology

17
Q

What are the principles of what the brain does to group features together and recognise objects?

A 
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Symmetry
Area
Closure
18
Q

Other reasons to be countershaded

A

Protection from UV
Viewed against different backgrounds from below vs above
Save cost of pigmentation where not needed

19
Q

First person to use term “search images”

A

Luuk Tinbergen

20
Q

How detection and recognition separated

A

Figure-ground segmentation

Target-distractor discrimination

21
Q

Who came up with Batesian mimicry?

A

Henry Walter Bates

22
Q

How does imperfect mimicry exist?

A 
Differences in perception from humans
Lots of alternative profitable prey
Costs of misclassifying as tasty very high
Rapid decision-making needed
Biases in learning
23
Q

Ways of quantifying background complexity / visual clutter

A

Sub-band entropy

Feature congestion metrics

24
Q

Leader on feature congestion metrics

A

Ruth Rosenholtz

25
Q

Who noticed the idea of aposematism and when?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace (1867)

26
Q

Who coined the term aposematism and when?

A

Poulton (1890)

27
Q

Who originally cam up with synergistic selection?

A

Dawkins

28
Q

Why be conspicuous (aposematism)?

A

Easy to discriminate from background - can be seen from afar, facilitates decision making

Easy to discriminate from palatable prey - facilitates learning, facilitates memory

29
Q

Why often contrasting colours (aposematism)?

A

Increases visibility independent of background
Increases distinctiveness from palatable prey
Increases memorability independent of background

30
Q

Who claimed credit for WW1 dazzle?

A

Kerr
Thayer
Norman Wilkinson

31
Q

Another term for startle displays

A

Deimatic behaviour

32
Q

Who coined the term protean behaviour and when?

A

Humphries and Driver (1970)

33
Q

Counteracting the confusion effect

A

Shift attention toward prey capture
Get experience
Target odd prey
Attack prey on group edge

34
Q

Run as soon as predator detected when…

A 
Predators search slowly
Predators have high prey detection rate
There's a large advantage to having head start
Low energetic fleeing cost
High capture success
35
Q

How can type 2 functional response be exploited by prey?

A

Predator swamping

Unpredictable high-density emergence of individuals

36
Q

Snowshoe hare population cycle (how many years)

A

8-11 years

Staying Alive (5 decks)

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