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Oceans > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

How many million years ago was Pangea?

A

250 mya

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2
Q

When was the Tethys Sea around?

A

200 mya

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3
Q

When did the present day formation of the world start to appear?

A

65 mya

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4
Q

When were vast quantities of shallow marine habitat?

A

50 mya

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5
Q

When was the end-Permian mass extinction?

A

252 mya

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6
Q

Percentage marine species, genera and families that went extinct in end-Permian

A

Species - 96%
Genera - 65%
Families - 50%

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7
Q

Over last couple 100 my, how higher has sea level been compared to present

A

200 m

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8
Q

When did shallow shelf habitat start to exist / when was the last glacial maximum?

A

21,000 ya

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9
Q

What can DNA (or RNA) be used to find information about?

A

Whole organisms
Community metabolism
Ocean microbiome

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10
Q

Pyrosequencing DNA length

A

10 - 100 Mb

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11
Q

Types of DNA

A

DNA in whole organisms

eDNA

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12
Q

How many times more species of platyhelminthes and ascidians being recovered than described

A

Platyhelminthes - 38x

Ascidians - 92x

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13
Q

Marine eDNA production factors

A 
Biomass
Density
Surface area
Season
Diet
Sex
Health
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14
Q

Marine eDNA degradation factors

A 
Microbial degradation
Temperature
Sunlight
pH
State of DNA
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15
Q

Marine eDNA transport factors

A 
Diffusion
Advection
Sedimentation
Resuspension
Intraorganismal transportation
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16
Q

General model of ecological speciation

A

Polymorphism evolves within species that conveys different ecoloigcal preferences

Adoption of different ecologies so reproduction less likely with individuals favouring other ecology

Ecological trait and mate preference linked, hybrids and new colonisers selected against

Selection against other population complete

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17
Q

What changes as you get deeper?

A 
Declining light
Shift in light spectrum
Differences in amount and type of food
Differences in pressure
Most environmental variables change as you go deeper
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18
Q

Frequency of active acoustics used for:
Fish
Mesopelagic fish
Copepods

A

Fish = 48 kHz
Mesopelagic fish = 38 kHz
Copepods = 120 kHz

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19
Q

Reflection expected in active acoustics for krill

A

70 dB

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20
Q

% carbon in oceans transported from surface to deeper layers by DVM by mesopelagic fish

A

20%

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21
Q

How many floats is the Argo Float Network made up of?

A

4,000

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22
Q

Since when has the Argo Float Network been recording the marine environment?

A

2000

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23
Q

Typical cycle time of an Argo float

A

10 days

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24
Q

AUVs used for geosciences and ecological sciences

A

Autosub6000

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25
Q

AUVs used for tracking animals

A

OceanServer IverII

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26
Q

% of vertebrates with free living plankton form that do DVM

A

80%

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27
Q

% earth’s vegetation in the oceans

A

25%

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28
Q

Factors need to know about to understand global, ecosystem and climate change

A

Changes in ocean heat storage

Vertical fluxes of heat, moisture and CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean

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29
Q

When and what was the first civilian SAR

A

1978

SeaSat

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30
Q

When was the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites founded?

A

1984

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31
Q

How many agencies and satellites does the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites coordinate?

A

62 agencies

160 satellites

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32
Q

One of the first cross-track scanners and when it was used

A

SeaWiFS

Early 2000s

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33
Q

Key parameters for remote sensing measurements

A 
SST
Surface colour
Wind direction and sea surface height
SSS
Ice coverage
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34
Q

What are SST measurements obtained by?

A

Satellite microwave radiometers
Near infrared radiometers
In situ moored and drifting buoys
Ships of opportunity

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35
Q

Microwave frequencies that can go through clouds

A

4 - 11 GHz

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36
Q

Since when have satellite-based passive microwave images been used to monitor sea ice changes?

A

1979

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37
Q

% SLR from ocean thermal expansion

A

30%

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38
Q

Global mean SLR from 1993-2016

A

3.4 mm per year

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39
Q

% excess heat trapped in atmosphere the ocean absorbs

A

90%

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40
Q

% sea ice loss in Arctic from 1979-2017

A

4.38%

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41
Q

Remote sensing system the European Space Agency use and current mission

A

Sentinel

Sentinel-3 mission

42
Q

Number of species of phytoplankton we know to be harmful and % dianoflagellates

A

80-100 species

90%

43
Q

Harmful algal blooms appear in the aftermath of natural phenomena like…

A

Sluggish water circulation
Unusually high water temperatures
Extreme weather events

44
Q

Four types of monitoring for harmful algal blooms

A

Monitoring existing blooms
Detecting new outbreaks
Forecasting transport of blooms to new locations
Predicting conditions favourable for HAB appearance at the coast prior to outbreak

45
Q

First satellite / data that showed possible to monitor HABs

A

The Coastal Zone Colour Scanner

46
Q 
SeaWiFS stats (HABs)
Orbit
Nominal field of view at nadir
How many visible bands
How many near-infrared bands
A

Sun-synchronous
1.1 km
6
2

47
Q

Remote sensing colour change predictions, what years and what temperature increase?

A

2085 and 2100

3 degrees

48
Q

Remote sensing hue angle change by 2100

A

Up to 10 degrees

49
Q

Algae and coral wavelengths

A 
Coral = 600 nm
Algae = 550 nm
50
Q

Who calculated the depth of the Atlantic Ocean and when?

A

Pierre-Simon Laplace

1700s

51
Q

Who said deep sea is azoic and when?

A

Edward Forbes

1800s

52
Q

Who commanded an expedition to the British Arctic and found organisms in dredges and when?

A

Captain John Ross

1818

53
Q

Who continued collecting deep sea organisms in the Antarctic and when?

A

James Clark Ross

1839-1843

54
Q

Who led the first oceanographic circumnavigation of the world and found there was life in the deep sea and when?

A

Sir Charles Wyville Thomson

1873-1876

55
Q

When did submersibles first start being used in deep sea?

A

1930s

56
Q

Which submersible discovered life at hydrothermal vents and when?

A

Alvin

1977

57
Q

Abiotic parameters of the ocean

A 
Temperature
Salinity
Light
Currents
Oxygen
Co¬2
Water clarity
Pressure
58
Q

Thermocline depth

A

200 - 1,000 m

59
Q

Oxygen minimum depth

A

1,000 m

60
Q

Halocline depth

A

300 - 1,000 m

61
Q

% Earth’s total microbial biomass and total living biomass in deep sea

A

Microbial - 50-80%

Total - 10-30%

62
Q

When was deep-sea bioluminescence discovered?

A

Last 50-60 years

63
Q

% animals in oceans thought to be bioluminescent

A

80%

64
Q

Who invented the first submersible, when and what was the name of this type?

A

Charles Beebe
1930s
Bathyspheres

65
Q

When was the first unteathered research submersible created and by who?

A

1950s

August and Jacque Picard

66
Q

First free dive of the ALVIN submersible and depth

A

4th August 1964

35 ft

67
Q

Second main research submersibles and yeat built

A

Johnson-SeaLink I and II

1971

68
Q

Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench

A

110.1 MPa

69
Q

Biochemical adaptations in membrane systems

A

Enzyme catalysis
Assembly of multi-subunit proteins
Membrane-based transport

70
Q

Pressure adaptation in lipid membrane based processes

A

Modifications in membrane proteins

Modifications of the lipids

71
Q

Effective temperature of phospholipid bilayer in organism living near 2-4 degrees C at 4,000 m

A

-3 to -6 degrees C

72
Q

Temperature around hydrothermal vent chimneys

A

300 - 400 degrees C

73
Q

The interplay of what chemical compounds / elements is key to controlling biological community structure?

A

O2
H2S
Fe^2+
FeS

74
Q

Types of DVM

A

Nocturnal VM
Reverse M
Twilight DVM

75
Q

When was DVM first recorded?

A

Over 150 ya

76
Q

Biomass of animals migrating in ocean

A

25 tons / km^2 / day

77
Q

Largest daily depth change (DVM)

A

1,700 m

78
Q

Environmental changes DVM organisms have to cope with

A

Pressure
Temperature
Oxygen

79
Q

When was DVM really understood?

A

1970s

80
Q

What drives and controls DVM?

A

Light level
Predator evasion
Competitive exclusion

81
Q

How do migratory animals control buoyancy?

A

Swim bladders

Other adaptations - muscle, high lipid concentrations, gas-filled buoyancy chamber

82
Q

How to minimise bias

A

Randomly allocate animals to treatment groups
Ensure treatments in a random order
Researchers unaware of treatment received until final statistical analysis

83
Q

How to achieve power

A

Use appropriate numbers of animals
Control inter-subject variation
Determine sample size using power analysis

84
Q

What do marine mammals use sound for?

A

Navigation
Finding and capturing prey
Communicating

85
Q

When did mass stranding start to be a concern and when did it become a real concern?

A

Start - mid-80s, early 90s

Real - 1996 onwards

86
Q

Significant mass stranding events

A 
Greece - May 1996
Bahamas - March 2000
Madeira - May 2000
Canary Islands - September 2002
Canary Islands - July 2004
California - September 2002
87
Q

What is MFA sonar characterised by?

A

Large amount of energy at 3kHz

88
Q

Who designed DTAGs?

A

Peter Tyack and Mark Johnson

89
Q

SOCAL BRS year

A

2010-2015

90
Q

When did the non-binding European moratorium of military sonar exercises start?

A

2004

91
Q

UK and Ireland most recent mass stranding year and number of beaked whales

A

2018

81

92
Q

What proportion of N GBR did the 2016 bleaching event destroy?

A

1/3rd

93
Q

Number of species of coral, fish and molluscs on GBR

A

Coral - 400
Fish - 1,500 - 2,000
Molluscs - 4,000

94
Q

% energy symbionts provide tropical coral

A

90%

95
Q

Where damage occurs in photosynthetic apparatus during bleaching

A

D1 protein in PSII
Calvin cycle
Thylakoid membranes

96
Q

3 bleaching events in Australia in last 20 years

A

1998
2002
2016

97
Q

Symbiodium clade more abundant on reefs after severe bleaching

A

Clade D

98
Q

Global ban on some POPs (including DDT) name and year

A

Stockholm treaty

2001

99
Q

Microplastic classification

A

< 5 mm

100
Q

% marine habitat currently protected

A

6.9%

101
Q

Who pushed forward marine molecular ecology?

A

Nancy Knowlton

102
Q

Who is one of the most influential fisheries biologists?

A

Daniel Pauly

Oceans (5 decks)

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