General Flashcards
1
Q
How many million years ago was Pangea?
A
250 mya
2
Q
When was the Tethys Sea around?
A
200 mya
3
Q
When did the present day formation of the world start to appear?
A
65 mya
4
Q
When were vast quantities of shallow marine habitat?
A
50 mya
5
Q
When was the end-Permian mass extinction?
A
252 mya
6
Q
Percentage marine species, genera and families that went extinct in end-Permian
A
Species - 96%
Genera - 65%
Families - 50%
7
Q
Over last couple 100 my, how higher has sea level been compared to present
A
200 m
8
Q
When did shallow shelf habitat start to exist / when was the last glacial maximum?
A
21,000 ya
9
Q
What can DNA (or RNA) be used to find information about?
A
Whole organisms
Community metabolism
Ocean microbiome
10
Q
Pyrosequencing DNA length
A
10 - 100 Mb
11
Q
Types of DNA
A
DNA in whole organisms
eDNA
12
Q
How many times more species of platyhelminthes and ascidians being recovered than described
A
Platyhelminthes - 38x
Ascidians - 92x
13
Q
Marine eDNA production factors
A
Biomass Density Surface area Season Diet Sex Health
14
Q
Marine eDNA degradation factors
A
Microbial degradation Temperature Sunlight pH State of DNA
15
Q
Marine eDNA transport factors
A
Diffusion Advection Sedimentation Resuspension Intraorganismal transportation
16
Q
General model of ecological speciation
A
Polymorphism evolves within species that conveys different ecoloigcal preferences
Adoption of different ecologies so reproduction less likely with individuals favouring other ecology
Ecological trait and mate preference linked, hybrids and new colonisers selected against
Selection against other population complete
17
Q
What changes as you get deeper?
A
Declining light Shift in light spectrum Differences in amount and type of food Differences in pressure Most environmental variables change as you go deeper
18
Q
Frequency of active acoustics used for:
Fish
Mesopelagic fish
Copepods
A
Fish = 48 kHz
Mesopelagic fish = 38 kHz
Copepods = 120 kHz
19
Q
Reflection expected in active acoustics for krill
A
70 dB
20
Q
% carbon in oceans transported from surface to deeper layers by DVM by mesopelagic fish
A
20%
21
Q
How many floats is the Argo Float Network made up of?
A
4,000
22
Q
Since when has the Argo Float Network been recording the marine environment?
A
2000
23
Q
Typical cycle time of an Argo float
A
10 days
24
Q
AUVs used for geosciences and ecological sciences
A
Autosub6000
25
AUVs used for tracking animals
OceanServer IverII
26
% of vertebrates with free living plankton form that do DVM
80%
27
% earth's vegetation in the oceans
25%
28
Factors need to know about to understand global, ecosystem and climate change
Changes in ocean heat storage
| Vertical fluxes of heat, moisture and CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean
29
When and what was the first civilian SAR
1978
| SeaSat
30
When was the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites founded?
1984
31
How many agencies and satellites does the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites coordinate?
62 agencies
| 160 satellites
32
One of the first cross-track scanners and when it was used
SeaWiFS
| Early 2000s
33
Key parameters for remote sensing measurements
```
SST
Surface colour
Wind direction and sea surface height
SSS
Ice coverage
```
34
What are SST measurements obtained by?
Satellite microwave radiometers
Near infrared radiometers
In situ moored and drifting buoys
Ships of opportunity
35
Microwave frequencies that can go through clouds
4 - 11 GHz
36
Since when have satellite-based passive microwave images been used to monitor sea ice changes?
1979
37
% SLR from ocean thermal expansion
30%
38
Global mean SLR from 1993-2016
3.4 mm per year
39
% excess heat trapped in atmosphere the ocean absorbs
90%
40
% sea ice loss in Arctic from 1979-2017
4.38%
41
Remote sensing system the European Space Agency use and current mission
Sentinel
| Sentinel-3 mission
42
Number of species of phytoplankton we know to be harmful and % dianoflagellates
80-100 species
| 90%
43
Harmful algal blooms appear in the aftermath of natural phenomena like...
Sluggish water circulation
Unusually high water temperatures
Extreme weather events
44
Four types of monitoring for harmful algal blooms
Monitoring existing blooms
Detecting new outbreaks
Forecasting transport of blooms to new locations
Predicting conditions favourable for HAB appearance at the coast prior to outbreak
45
First satellite / data that showed possible to monitor HABs
The Coastal Zone Colour Scanner
46
```
SeaWiFS stats (HABs)
Orbit
Nominal field of view at nadir
How many visible bands
How many near-infrared bands
```
Sun-synchronous
1.1 km
6
2
47
Remote sensing colour change predictions, what years and what temperature increase?
2085 and 2100
| 3 degrees
48
Remote sensing hue angle change by 2100
Up to 10 degrees
49
Algae and coral wavelengths
```
Coral = 600 nm
Algae = 550 nm
```
50
Who calculated the depth of the Atlantic Ocean and when?
Pierre-Simon Laplace
| 1700s
51
Who said deep sea is azoic and when?
Edward Forbes
| 1800s
52
Who commanded an expedition to the British Arctic and found organisms in dredges and when?
Captain John Ross
| 1818
53
Who continued collecting deep sea organisms in the Antarctic and when?
James Clark Ross
| 1839-1843
54
Who led the first oceanographic circumnavigation of the world and found there was life in the deep sea and when?
Sir Charles Wyville Thomson
| 1873-1876
55
When did submersibles first start being used in deep sea?
1930s
56
Which submersible discovered life at hydrothermal vents and when?
Alvin
| 1977
57
Abiotic parameters of the ocean
```
Temperature
Salinity
Light
Currents
Oxygen
Co¬2
Water clarity
Pressure
```
58
Thermocline depth
200 - 1,000 m
59
Oxygen minimum depth
1,000 m
60
Halocline depth
300 - 1,000 m
61
% Earth's total microbial biomass and total living biomass in deep sea
Microbial - 50-80%
| Total - 10-30%
62
When was deep-sea bioluminescence discovered?
Last 50-60 years
63
% animals in oceans thought to be bioluminescent
80%
64
Who invented the first submersible, when and what was the name of this type?
Charles Beebe
1930s
Bathyspheres
65
When was the first unteathered research submersible created and by who?
1950s
| August and Jacque Picard
66
First free dive of the ALVIN submersible and depth
4th August 1964
| 35 ft
67
Second main research submersibles and yeat built
Johnson-SeaLink I and II
| 1971
68
Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench
110.1 MPa
69
Biochemical adaptations in membrane systems
Enzyme catalysis
Assembly of multi-subunit proteins
Membrane-based transport
70
Pressure adaptation in lipid membrane based processes
Modifications in membrane proteins
| Modifications of the lipids
71
Effective temperature of phospholipid bilayer in organism living near 2-4 degrees C at 4,000 m
-3 to -6 degrees C
72
Temperature around hydrothermal vent chimneys
300 - 400 degrees C
73
The interplay of what chemical compounds / elements is key to controlling biological community structure?
O2
H2S
Fe^2+
FeS
74
Types of DVM
Nocturnal VM
Reverse M
Twilight DVM
75
When was DVM first recorded?
Over 150 ya
76
Biomass of animals migrating in ocean
25 tons / km^2 / day
77
Largest daily depth change (DVM)
1,700 m
78
Environmental changes DVM organisms have to cope with
Pressure
Temperature
Oxygen
79
When was DVM really understood?
1970s
80
What drives and controls DVM?
Light level
Predator evasion
Competitive exclusion
81
How do migratory animals control buoyancy?
Swim bladders
| Other adaptations - muscle, high lipid concentrations, gas-filled buoyancy chamber
82
How to minimise bias
Randomly allocate animals to treatment groups
Ensure treatments in a random order
Researchers unaware of treatment received until final statistical analysis
83
How to achieve power
Use appropriate numbers of animals
Control inter-subject variation
Determine sample size using power analysis
84
What do marine mammals use sound for?
Navigation
Finding and capturing prey
Communicating
85
When did mass stranding start to be a concern and when did it become a real concern?
Start - mid-80s, early 90s
| Real - 1996 onwards
86
Significant mass stranding events
```
Greece - May 1996
Bahamas - March 2000
Madeira - May 2000
Canary Islands - September 2002
Canary Islands - July 2004
California - September 2002
```
87
What is MFA sonar characterised by?
Large amount of energy at 3kHz
88
Who designed DTAGs?
Peter Tyack and Mark Johnson
89
SOCAL BRS year
2010-2015
90
When did the non-binding European moratorium of military sonar exercises start?
2004
91
UK and Ireland most recent mass stranding year and number of beaked whales
2018
| 81
92
What proportion of N GBR did the 2016 bleaching event destroy?
1/3rd
93
Number of species of coral, fish and molluscs on GBR
Coral - 400
Fish - 1,500 - 2,000
Molluscs - 4,000
94
% energy symbionts provide tropical coral
90%
95
Where damage occurs in photosynthetic apparatus during bleaching
D1 protein in PSII
Calvin cycle
Thylakoid membranes
96
3 bleaching events in Australia in last 20 years
1998
2002
2016
97
Symbiodium clade more abundant on reefs after severe bleaching
Clade D
98
Global ban on some POPs (including DDT) name and year
Stockholm treaty
| 2001
99
Microplastic classification
< 5 mm
100
% marine habitat currently protected
6.9%
101
Who pushed forward marine molecular ecology?
Nancy Knowlton
102
Who is one of the most influential fisheries biologists?
Daniel Pauly
