General

Question 1

how is skeletal muscle identified

Answer 1

identified by having striated cytoplasm due to myofibrils being in register and nuclei that are present against the cell membrane.

Question 2

How is Cardiac muscle identified

Answer 2

Cardiac muscle is also striated but is composed of branched fibres with central nuclei

Question 3

What does Phosphoglycerate kinase do in glycolysis

Answer 3

Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP toform ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 4

What is urothelium

Answer 4

urothelium (also known as transitional epithelium) and lines the ureters, bladder and urethra. It is urine-proof and can stretch. It is a complex epithelium, comprising a layer of umbrella cells on top of a layer of pseudo-stratified cells. It is not keratinised and does not secrete mucus.

Question 5

What is ATPase used for

Answer 5

. ATPase is used in membrane ion pumps, where its activity is coupled to the movement of Na+ and K+ (Na+K+ATPase).

Question 6

How many calories in 1g carbohydrate

Answer 6

4kcal

Question 7

How many calories in 1g protein

Answer 7

4kcal

Question 8

How many calories in 1g alcohol

Answer 8

7kcal

Question 9

How many calories in 1g lipid

Answer 9

9kcal

Question 10

1 unit of alcohol is how much

Answer 10

8 g or 10 mL

Question 11

process of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 11

ATP synthase transports protons into the mitochondrial matrix and cytochrome C oxidase complex transports protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. The membrane is ion-impermeable. The energy needed to phosphorylate ADP to ATP comes from the movement of PROTONS.

Question 12

Amino-acid hormones are synthesised from

Answer 12

Tyrosine

Question 13

Peptide hormones bind to

Answer 13

plasma membrane receptors

Question 14

Why are steroid hormones transported in plasma bound to proteins

Answer 14

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, have no storage pool, are synthesised from cholesterol and are transported in plasma bound to carrier proteins. They bind to intracellular receptors

Question 15

When does implantation occur with regard to embryology

Answer 15

Implantation occurs when the blastocyst (not morula) penetrates the endometrial stroma and this occurs 7-8 days after fertilisation

Question 16

Epiblasts will become

Answer 16

ectoderm

Question 17

Paraxial mesodermal cells form

Answer 17

somites

Question 18

. The circulation is formed from

Answer 18

lateral plate mesodermal cells (specifically from the splanchnic layer

Question 19

The midgut is in continuity

Answer 19

with the yolk sac, not the amniotic cavity.

Question 20

Cholesterol enters cells via

Answer 20

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 21

Ethanol and oxygen enter cells via

Answer 21

passive diffusion

Question 22

Glucose crosses the cell membrane by means of

Answer 22

facilitated diffusion

Question 23

Potassium ions enter cells vie

Answer 23

active transport

Question 24

Anticipation is seen in diseases characterised by

Answer 24

trinucleotide repeat disorders. The condition worsens in successive generations

Question 25

Gonadal mosaicism is a condition where

Answer 25

a mutation is present in some gametes but not in others. The mutation may be absent from somatic cells (pure gonadal mosaicism)

Question 26

Haploinsufficiency is the phenomenon where

Answer 26

a diploid organism has only a single functional copy of a gene (the other copy inactive due to mutation) and the single functional gene does not produce enough gene product to bring about a wild-type phenotype, resulting in disease.

Question 27

Penetrance is an index of

Answer 27

of the proportion of individuals with a gene mutation who show it.

Question 28

Variable expression is common in

Answer 28

autosomal dominant disorders and means that some individuals have very severe disease whilst others are only trivially affected.

Question 29

. In Evidence Based Medicine, the PICO principle is used to frame and answer clinical questions. What does PICO stand for?

Answer 29

P Patient, problem or population
I Intervention
C Control, comparison or comparator
O Outcomes