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PSY101 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonological awareness?

A

Hearing sounds properly
Decoding sounds properly to constituents
Understanding relationships between sounds

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2
Q

What are lexical hermits?

A

Words with no close neighbours. Unique spelling/sound rules e.g. Ghost

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3
Q

What is a pseudohomophone?

A

Non-words which sound like real words e.g. Burd

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4
Q

What is a homophone?

A

Same sound, different spelling (e.g. Night/Knight)

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5
Q

What is a homograph?

A

Same spelling but different meaning (e.g. Row)

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6
Q

Why is spelling and reading hard?

A

We have complex grapheme to phoneme relationships

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7
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

A unit of spoken language (think of phone as being to do with sounds)

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8
Q

What is a grapheme?

A

Smallest unit of written language (think of graph as being visual)

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9
Q

What is a quale? (Pl = qualms)

A

Qualia are what ‘being’ is like from the inside

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10
Q

Which famous psychologist embraced reductionism to the fullest?

A

B.F. Skinner

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11
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Everything can be observed and measured (mind is a cognitive machine)

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12
Q

What is materialism?

A

There is only one thing in the universe and that is physical matter

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13
Q

What does functional mean? (Consciousness)

A

Consciousness has a purpose. It is contributing to everything else in the mind and body

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14
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Interactions between simple units resulting in a more complex entity. The simple units don’t possess that property themselves.

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15
Q

What does epiphenomenal mean?

A

Consciousness happens as a result of physical things happening - but it isn’t meaningfully related to those physical things

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16
Q

What does it mean to say that consciousness is inessential?

A

Consciousness doesn’t have a real job to do

17
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

What someone learns in one situation hinders their performance in another

18
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

What someone learns in one situation has a positive effect in their performance in another situation

19
Q

What is analogical reasoning?

A

A specific type of problem solving

Allows us to approach unfamiliar problems and solve them by bringing to bear what we already know

20
Q

What is mapping?

A

Forming a relationship between something you already know and a novel item on the basis of apparent similarity

21
Q

What does encoding mean?

A

Putting information in
Building an internal representation of an external event/factor/concept
Getting information into your mind

22
Q

Why is psychology a science?

A

We employ the scientific method
We base our ideas on empirical evidence
We test our ideas in experiments

23
Q

What is Cartesian dualism?

A

The idea that things are composed of two fundamentally different components e.g. Body and mind

24
Q

What does metaphysical mean?

A

Non physical matter

Speculation on questions that are unanswerable to scientific observation, analysis or experiment

25
Q

What is the mind body problem?

A

Body is physical and obeys physical laws. The mind is non physical and does not obey physical laws

26
Q

What is the famous Descartes phrase?

A

Cogito Ergo Sum

27
Q

What does cf mean?

A

Confer (Latin) - compare with/bring together

28
Q

René Descartes (1596-1650) quote?

A

“If you would be a real seeker after truth it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.”

29
Q

Karl Popper (1902-1994) quote?

A

“Good tests kill flawed theories: we remain alive to guess again”

30
Q

What is falsification?

A

The idea that you get nearer the truth by trying to prove things wrong

31
Q

What is induction?

A

The idea that you find things out by proving them right

32
Q

What does empirical mean?

A

Verifiable with reference to evidence (based upon experience)

33
Q

What does verifiable mean?

A

Testable

PSY101 (3 decks)

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