General Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

Define genetic sex

A

Determined by presence/absence of a Y chromosome

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2
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Development of the gonad
Sperm/egg development
Usually dependent on genotype (genetic sex)

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3
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex-specific structures of the urogenital system
External genitalia
Dependent on hormone signalling/signals from the environment

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4
Q

What are pseudo-autosomal regions?

A

Regions on the X and Y chromosome responsible for pairing during meiosis

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5
Q

Gene responsible for sex determination on Y chromosome

A

SRY gene

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6
Q

How can have an XX male?

A

SRY gene is on the X chromosome

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7
Q

How can have an XY female?

A

Absence of SRY gene on Y chromosome OR

Has a mutation which makes the person immune to testosterone.

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8
Q

What does the SRY gene do?

Usually located on short arm of Y chromosome

A

Is responsible for sex determination

Encodes testis determining factor (TDF)

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9
Q

TDF

A

Testis determining factor

From SRY gene

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10
Q

Karyotype XO

A

Turner Syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: no

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11
Q

Karyotype: XXY

A

Kleinfelter Syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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12
Q

Karyotype: XYY

A

XYY syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: yes

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13
Q

Karyotype: XXX

A

XXX syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: reduced

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14
Q

Karyotype: XXXY

A

Triple X Y syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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15
Q

Karyotype: XXXX

A

Tetra X syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: ?

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16
Q

Karyotype: XXXXY

A

Tetra X Y syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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17
Q

Main adhesion factors

A

Cadherins
Integrins
IgCAMs
Selectins

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18
Q

Cadherins mediate…

A

Attachment cell-to-cell

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19
Q

Integrins mediate…

A

Attachment cell-to-matrix

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20
Q

During development, cadherins…

A

Mediate cell sorting

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21
Q

Role of HSP90

A

Chaperone, refolding proteins
Works downstream to HSP70
Refolds kinases, receptors and cytoskeletal proteins; has role in cell cycle and chromosome maintenance

22
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Cell consumes large molecules and whole cells

23
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Cell consumes fluids and small molecules

24
Q

6 points at which proteins expression is controlled

A
  1. Transcriptional control
  2. RNA processing control
  3. RNA transport and localising
  4. Translational control
  5. mRNA degradation control
  6. Protein activity control
25
What is the transcriptional control of protein expression?
Whether and how much a gene is transcribed affects the protein expression
26
What is the RNA processing control of protein expression?
Different splicing and completing the mRNA affects protein expression
27
How does control of RNA transport and localising (Step 3) affect protein expression?
The final location of the mRNA is part of determining the final outcome & hence the protein expression
28
How does translational control affect protein expression?
Whether the mRNA is translated into protein affects protein expression
29
Explain how mRNA degradation control affects protein expression
If the mRNA is degraded more before it is translated, there is less protein expressed. If it is degraded less, there is more protein expressed.
30
Outline the mechanism by which phosphorylation (by CAK) allows the activation of cyclin-Cdk
Phosphorylation alters conformation of protein loop, allowing ATPase activity to drive kinase reaction.
31
Alpha actin found in...
Muscle cells
32
Beta and gamma actin found in...
Non-muscle cells
33
The 4 types of cell adhesion molecule
Cadherins Integrins Selectins IgCAMs
34
Common feature of IgCAMs
Ig-domain, a beta-sheet stabilised by di-sulfide bonding
35
What are selectins?
Cell adhesion molecule in the bloodstream.
36
3 types of selectin
E - epithelia L - leukocytes (most) P - platelets (secretory granules of)
37
Weak adhesion and rolling mediated by...
Selectins
38
What are integrins?
Cell adhesion molecules | Responsible for cell-matrix adhesion
39
What are cadherins?
Cell adhesion molecules | Responsible for cell-cell adhesion
40
What is the most common cell adhesion molecule in vertebrates?
N-CAM
41
Which type of cell junctions are actin filaments anchored to?
``` Adherens junctions (cell-cell) Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesions ```
42
What type of cell junctions are intermediate filaments anchored to?
Desmosomes (cell-cell) | Hemidesmosomes (cell-matrix)
43
What are the cadherins in desmosomes?
Desmocollin | Desmoglein
44
What are the intracellular anchoring proteins associated with desmosomes?
Plakophilin Plakoglobin Desmoplakin
45
Homophilic binding
CAMs only bind to their own kind (cadherins to cadherins, etc.)
46
Heterophilic binding
CAMs binding to molecules outside their class
47
The plant equivalent of a gap junction
Plasmodesmata
48
What are the classical cadherins?
N - CNS E - embryonic, epithelia P - placenta and epidermis VE - endothelia
49
Why are cadherins Ca++ dependent?
Ca++ binds between the subunits, making them rigid by preventing them from flexing. Without Ca++, the molecule is limp and can't bind.
50
What are the intracellular anchoring proteins associated with cadherin junctions?
alpha, beta and gamma catenins