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General Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genetic sex

A

Determined by presence/absence of a Y chromosome

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2
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Development of the gonad
Sperm/egg development
Usually dependent on genotype (genetic sex)

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3
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex-specific structures of the urogenital system
External genitalia
Dependent on hormone signalling/signals from the environment

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4
Q

What are pseudo-autosomal regions?

A

Regions on the X and Y chromosome responsible for pairing during meiosis

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5
Q

Gene responsible for sex determination on Y chromosome

A

SRY gene

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6
Q

How can have an XX male?

A

SRY gene is on the X chromosome

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7
Q

How can have an XY female?

A

Absence of SRY gene on Y chromosome OR

Has a mutation which makes the person immune to testosterone.

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8
Q

What does the SRY gene do?

Usually located on short arm of Y chromosome

A

Is responsible for sex determination

Encodes testis determining factor (TDF)

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9
Q

TDF

A

Testis determining factor

From SRY gene

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10
Q

Karyotype XO

A

Turner Syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: no

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11
Q

Karyotype: XXY

A

Kleinfelter Syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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12
Q

Karyotype: XYY

A

XYY syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: yes

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13
Q

Karyotype: XXX

A

XXX syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: reduced

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14
Q

Karyotype: XXXY

A

Triple X Y syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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15
Q

Karyotype: XXXX

A

Tetra X syndrome
Phenotype: female
Fertility: ?

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16
Q

Karyotype: XXXXY

A

Tetra X Y syndrome
Phenotype: male
Fertility: no

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17
Q

Main adhesion factors

A

Cadherins
Integrins
IgCAMs
Selectins

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18
Q

Cadherins mediate…

A

Attachment cell-to-cell

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19
Q

Integrins mediate…

A

Attachment cell-to-matrix

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20
Q

During development, cadherins…

A

Mediate cell sorting

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21
Q

Role of HSP90

A

Chaperone, refolding proteins
Works downstream to HSP70
Refolds kinases, receptors and cytoskeletal proteins; has role in cell cycle and chromosome maintenance

22
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Cell consumes large molecules and whole cells

23
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

Cell consumes fluids and small molecules

24
Q

6 points at which proteins expression is controlled

A
  1. Transcriptional control
  2. RNA processing control
  3. RNA transport and localising
  4. Translational control
  5. mRNA degradation control
  6. Protein activity control
25
Q

What is the transcriptional control of protein expression?

A

Whether and how much a gene is transcribed affects the protein expression

26
Q

What is the RNA processing control of protein expression?

A

Different splicing and completing the mRNA affects protein expression

27
Q

How does control of RNA transport and localising (Step 3) affect protein expression?

A

The final location of the mRNA is part of determining the final outcome & hence the protein expression

28
Q

How does translational control affect protein expression?

A

Whether the mRNA is translated into protein affects protein expression

29
Q

Explain how mRNA degradation control affects protein expression

A

If the mRNA is degraded more before it is translated, there is less protein expressed.
If it is degraded less, there is more protein expressed.

30
Q

Outline the mechanism by which phosphorylation (by CAK) allows the activation of cyclin-Cdk

A

Phosphorylation alters conformation of protein loop, allowing ATPase activity to drive kinase reaction.

31
Q

Alpha actin found in…

A

Muscle cells

32
Q

Beta and gamma actin found in…

A

Non-muscle cells

33
Q

The 4 types of cell adhesion molecule

A

Cadherins
Integrins
Selectins
IgCAMs

34
Q

Common feature of IgCAMs

A

Ig-domain, a beta-sheet stabilised by di-sulfide bonding

35
Q

What are selectins?

A

Cell adhesion molecule in the bloodstream.

36
Q

3 types of selectin

A

E - epithelia
L - leukocytes (most)
P - platelets (secretory granules of)

37
Q

Weak adhesion and rolling mediated by…

A

Selectins

38
Q

What are integrins?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

Responsible for cell-matrix adhesion

39
Q

What are cadherins?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

Responsible for cell-cell adhesion

40
Q

What is the most common cell adhesion molecule in vertebrates?

A

N-CAM

41
Q

Which type of cell junctions are actin filaments anchored to?

A 
Adherens junctions (cell-cell)
Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesions
42
Q

What type of cell junctions are intermediate filaments anchored to?

A

Desmosomes (cell-cell)

Hemidesmosomes (cell-matrix)

43
Q

What are the cadherins in desmosomes?

A

Desmocollin

Desmoglein

44
Q

What are the intracellular anchoring proteins associated with desmosomes?

A

Plakophilin
Plakoglobin
Desmoplakin

45
Q

Homophilic binding

A

CAMs only bind to their own kind (cadherins to cadherins, etc.)

46
Q

Heterophilic binding

A

CAMs binding to molecules outside their class

47
Q

The plant equivalent of a gap junction

A

Plasmodesmata

48
Q

What are the classical cadherins?

A

N - CNS
E - embryonic, epithelia
P - placenta and epidermis
VE - endothelia

49
Q

Why are cadherins Ca++ dependent?

A

Ca++ binds between the subunits, making them rigid by preventing them from flexing.
Without Ca++, the molecule is limp and can’t bind.

50
Q

What are the intracellular anchoring proteins associated with cadherin junctions?

A

alpha, beta and gamma catenins

Advanced Clinical Science (8 decks)

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