Cell Death Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of apoptosis?

A

A defence mechanism to destroy cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism

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2
Q

Morphological hallmarks of apoptosis

A
Blebbing
Cell shrinkage
Nuclear fragmentation
Chromatin condensation
Chromosomal DNA fragmentation
Global mRNA decay
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3
Q

Biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis

A

Protein cleavage
DNA fragmentation
Cell surface markers for phagocytosis

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4
Q

Initiator caspases

A

Caspase 2, 8, 9, 10

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5
Q

Executioner caspases

A

Caspase 3, 6, 7

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6
Q

What is caspase?

A

Family of specialised intracellular proteases, used in apoptosis

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7
Q

Negative stimuli of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Absence of growth factors/hormones (failure to suppress death programs)

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8
Q

Positive stimuli of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A
Radiation
Toxins
Hypoxia
Hyperthermia
Viral infections
Free radicals
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9
Q

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is triggered by…

A

Cytochrome C release from mitochondria

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10
Q

What proteins inhibit apoptosis by blocking Cytochrome C release?

A

Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 family proteins

e.g. Bcl2, BclX(L)

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11
Q

What proteins promote apoptosis by enhancing the Cytochrome C release?

A

Pro-apoptotic effect Bcl2 family: Bax, Bak

Pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein: Bad, Bim, Bid Puma, Noxa

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12
Q

What are IAPs?

A

Inhibitors of Apoptosis

Inactivate caspases

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