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1
Q

Wathard’s rests

A

Small inclusions in ovarian epithelium

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2
Q

Alternative name for duct of Gartner

A

Wolffian duct

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3
Q

Location of Wolffian duct

A

Lies between layers of broad ligament below Fallopian tube

Runs medially towards body if uterus then downwards to run beside vaginal wall

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4
Q

Hydatid if Morgagni

A

Pea size translucent often pedunculated cyst at tube end of Wolffian duct

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5
Q

3 sets of tubules passing from garner’s/Wolffian duct to ovary

A
  1. Kobelt’s: outer, pronephric origin
  2. Epoophoron: middle, Mesonephoric
  3. Paroophoron: proximal, Mesonephoric
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6
Q

Gynandroblastoma

  1. Cell types
  2. Tissue origin
  3. Effects
A
  1. Granulosa and androblastoma
  2. Ovarian stroma and sex cords
  3. Masculinising and feminising effects
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7
Q

Which syndrome is vaginal atresia most commonly associated with?
Which other structure is absent and why?

A

Rokitansky-Mayer-Küser-Hauser syndrome

Uterus due to failure of development if Müllerian ducts

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8
Q

Damage to which rib can cause spleen injury?

A

10th

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9
Q

Recurrent laryngeal is a branch of _

A

Vagus

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10
Q

Mitochondria:
Function
Membrane structure
DNA

A

ATP production
Smooth outer, convoluted inner (=cristae)
Substances shunted between matrix and inter membrane space
Contain own DNA, maternal inheritance

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11
Q

Lysosome and peroxisome function

A

Disposal - rich in digestive enzymes

Degrade proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

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12
Q

pH of lysosomes

A

4.8

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13
Q

Lysosome transport processes

A

Endocytosis - uptake by invagination of part of plasma membrane
Phagocytosis - larger particles enveloped by plasma membrane

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14
Q

Peroxisome function
Which substance generated in the process
How is it converted toO2 and H2O

A

Oxidise organic substances
Clear toxic molecules in blood, esp in liver and kidney
Main organelle for fatty acid oxidisation (precursors for key synthetic pathways)
H2O2
Catalase

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15
Q

What structure does cytosol contain?
What is its function?

What else does it contain?

A

Cytoskeleton
Rigidity and strength to maintain shape, reorganisation allows migration

Many particles eg glycogen-containing granules

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16
Q

Classes of cytoskeleton fibres

A
  1. Micro tubules 20nm
  2. Intermediate filaments 10nm
  3. Micro filaments 7nm
17
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

Conversion of extra cellular signal to response in target cell

18
Q

Define:
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine

Other method of cell signalling

A

Release of hormone from endocrine gland that travels in blood to distant target
Signalling molecule acts on cells close by eg neurotransmitter
Cell responds to signal produced by itself eg growth factors, tumours

Membrane attached proteins

19
Q

Effect of ACh on
Skeletal muscle
Myocardium

A

Increases contraction

Decreases force of contraction

20
Q

Name 4 second messenger systems

A 
cAMP cyclic adenosine monoP
cGMP cyclic guanosine monoP
Diacylglycerol
Inositol triphosphate IP3
Calcium
21
Q

How are IP3 and diacylglycerol produced?

A

Through hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids (phosphoinositides) mainly located in inner half if plasma membrane

22
Q

Which is the most important inositol phospholipid for cell signalling?
What percentage if inositol lipids and total phospholipids does it account for?

A

PIP2 phosphatidyl bisphosphate

10%, 1%

23
Q

Describe PIP2 breakdown steps

A

Signalling molecule binds to plasma membrane receptor
Activated receptor stimulates Gprotein (Gq)
Gq activates an inositide-specific phospholipase C (phospholipase Cβ)
PCβ cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and diacylglycerol

24
Q

How does IP3 act

A

Water soluble
Diffuses into cytosol
Binds to
- IP3-gated Ca2+ channels in ER
- or in muscle cells ryanodine receptors in SR
To end response Ca2+ is pumped out of cytosol and IP3 is broken down by phosphatases

25
Mast cells are -philic
Basophilic
26
Mast cells contain
``` Heparin Histamine Serotonin Leukotrienes Platelet aggregating factor Leukocyte chemo tactic factor Hyaluronidase - degrades hyaluronic acid Storage granules with lytic enzymes eg tryptase ```
27
Factors triggering mast cell degranulation
Tissue injury Drugs Complement activation Foreign antigenic material
28
Immunoglobulin mediating anaphylaxis
IgE
29
How does diacylglycerol act?
Remains attached to membrane 1. Cleaved to arachidonic acid - used as an eicosanoid precursor 2. Acts as second messenger Rise in Ca2+ triggered by IP3 causes protein kinase C (PKC, C for calcium) to move from cytosol into membrane where it is activated by DAG
30
What is protein kinase C?
Serine/threonine PK that regulates other proteins by phosphorylating their residues Can also alter transcription if specific genes
31
Give an example of protein kinase C altering gene transcription
1. Catalyses phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein MAP which in turn phosphorylates and activates Elk-1 transcription factor Elk-1 and serum response factor bind to serum response element (short DNA sequence in promoter region of target gene) leading to gene transcription 2. Activation if PKC releases nuclear factor kappa B which moves into nucleus to activate gene transcription
32
How is a second wave if DAG produced? | What is the effect of this?
DAG is released by phospholipase-mediated cleavage of phosphatidylcholine Sustained activation of PKC
33
What is the major phospholipid in a cell
Phosphotidylcholine
34
What are eicosanoids? What length of fatty acid chain are they synthesised from? 4 major groups
Signalling molecules continuously made in plasma membrane of mammalian cells 20-C mainly arachidonic acid ( cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipases) 1. Prostaglandins 2. Prostacyclins 3. Thromboxanes 4. Leucotrienes
35
Boundaries of pituitary gland Below Above Lateral
Sphenoid bone Diaphragma sellae with optic chiasma lying above posteriorly Cavernous sinus
36
Which adrenal gland is larger and lower
Right Usually tetrahedral 5g 10x30x50 Diaphragm posterior, IVC anteromedially, superior bare area liver, inferiorly covered by peritoneum reflected from liver
37
Which adrenal gland is semilunar?
Left - higher and smaller the right | Lies in stomach bed, stomach, tail of pancreas and splenic vessels anterior, diaphragm posterior, no peritoneum
38
Which structure contains chromaffin cells
Adrenal medulla derived from neural crest | Cortex derived from mesoderm

Anatomy (10 decks)

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