General

Question 1

Reduction in size and/or number of cells in an organ or tissue with accompanying decrease in function

Answer 1

atrophy

Question 2

Four causes of atrophy?

Answer 2

• decreased workload
• loss of innervation
• chronic ischemia
• loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 3

Increase in size of cells within organs/tissues with overall increase in size of organ

Answer 3

Hypertrophy

Question 4

Two causes of hypertrophy?

Answer 4

• demand for increase in function of organ

- hormonal stimulation

Question 5

Increase in number of cells within organ/tissue

Answer 5

Hyperplasia

Question 6

Two causes of physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 6

• hormonal

- compensatory

Question 7

Replacement of one type of tissue with another, different type of tissue

Answer 7

Metaplasia

Question 8

What metaplasia is caused by cigarette smoke?

Answer 8

Squamous metaplasia - normal columnar cells that line lumens of bronchi are replaced by squamous cells which better tolerate toxic chemicals
- Squamous cells lift columnar cells up and out into the airway

Question 9

What is disordered cell growth called?

Answer 9

Dysplasia

Question 10

What is carcinoma-in-situ? (CIS)

Answer 10

abnormal cells occupy full thickness of epithelium but have not broken through the basement membrane

Question 11

How do mild, moderate and severe dysplasia differ?

Answer 11

Mild = lower 1/3 of epithelium
Moderate = lower 2/3
Severe = full thickness

Question 12

What causes most cases of dysplasia in the uterine cervix?

Answer 12

HPV

Question 13

Dysplastic tissue is still under control of ______ and ______.

Answer 13

Growth factors and ECM proteins

Question 14

What are two characteristics of persistent viral infections?

Answer 14

• permissive

- non-destructive

Question 15

10 viruses that can produce persistent infections?

Answer 15

HSV, CMV, EBV, VZV, Adenovirus, Polyomaviruses, T cell leukemia viruses, Measles (brain), HIV

Question 16

Two examples of self-limiting acute infections?

Answer 16

• Influenza and polio

- not infectious during recovery

Question 17

What are two viruses that manifest as slow progressive infections following an acute infectious phase of disease?

Answer 17

Measles, HTLV

- Different from latency by presence of infectious virus following recovery phase of disease

Question 18

What causes slow, progressive diseases with no acute or recovery phase?

Answer 18

prions - Creutzfeld-Jacob

Question 19

What is the extreme example of persistence?

Examples?

Answer 19

Latency - virus typically in non-infectious form

• viral genome either in episome or integrated into host DNA
• ALL HHV

Question 20

What are three models on establishment/maintenance of HSV latency?

Answer 20

• Immune modulation model
• Immune elimination model
• Non-permissive model

Question 21

How does the immune modulation model of latency work?

Answer 21

• Ganglion cells are permissive for HSV
• Once virus travels up axon to ganglion, Ab production begins
• Immune response modulates so that a non-lytic latent infection is established from the productive infection

Question 22

How does the immune elimination model of latency work?

Answer 22

• non-permissive cells develop latent infection
• permissive cells develop productive infection
• host immune response eliminates the productively infected cells

Question 23

How does the non-permissive model of latency work?

Answer 23

• All ganglion cells are non-permissive
• Replication of virus/inflammation signal ganglion cells to become permissive
• Host immune response shuts down signal by eliminating viral replication at entry site
• Ganglion cells return to non-permissive state and latency is established
• Reactivation mimics epithelial signal and reverts ganglion cells to permissive, productive cells

Question 24

What are the two phases of reactivation? Causes?

Answer 24

• A: primary reactivation events lead to resumption of viral activity (early gene expression)
• B: immune response events cause replication and migration of viruses