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Block 4 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

What cells give rise to platelets, erythrocytes and monocytes?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

Where is the main site of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

A

Liver

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3
Q

What are the main growth factors that regulate haematopoiesis?

A

Interleukins 1-3
Stem cell factor
Erythropoietin

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4
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of an erythrocytes membrane?

A

Spectrin-forms scaffold maintaining shape and integrity
Ankrytin-anchors ion channels to spectrum skeleton
Band 4.1 protein-regulates membrane stability by stabilising spectrin-actin cytoskeleton
Band 3 protein-exchanges chloride and bicarbonate ions across the membrane

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6
Q

Where are damaged erythrocytes removed from the blood?

A

The spleen

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7
Q

What class of antigens determine the blood type of a person?

A

ABO

Split into a and b antigens

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8
Q

What antibodies target non-present ABO antigens?

A

IgM

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9
Q

What is haematocrit? What are normal levels?

A

Percentage volume of erythrocytes in the blood
Women-40%
Men-45%

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10
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

Megakarocytes

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11
Q

What regulates platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

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12
Q

What is the primary function of platelets?

A

Aggregation at site of wound repair to stop bleeding

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13
Q

What clotting components are required for platelet aggregation?

A

vWF

Fibrogen

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of granules found in platelets?

A

Dense-stimulate aggregation. Contain ATP calcium and 5-HT
Lambda-contain hydrolytic enzymes
Alpha-contain coagulation factors

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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16
Q

What do neutrophils induce?

A

Inflammatory response

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17
Q

What indicated iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Low Hb

18
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Genetic condition

Deficient synthesis of Hb

19
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by damage to bone marrow

20
Q

What is the normal structure of haemoglobin?

A

Globin in ring of 4 polypeptide chains- 2 alpha,2 beta

Haem ring with Fe2+ ion in centre

21
Q

What is different about foetal haemoglobin?

A

2 gamma chains instead of beta

22
Q

What is indicated by a rise in HbA2

A

Sickle-cell anaemia

23
Q

What are the 3 main forms of beta thalassemia?

A

Minor-mild or absent anaemia
Intermedia-moderate anaemia
Major-severe anaemia requiring regular transfusions

24
Q

What is the precursor for erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes

25
Q

What do proerythroblasts divide into?

A

Haemoglobin synthesising cells

26
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess of rbcs
Absolute-overproduction of rbcs
- primary: due to factors increasing production
- secondary: due to other conditions increasing RBC production e.g. Hypoxia
Relative-apparent rise in rbcs but actually due to reduction in blood plasma

27
Q

Clinical signs of polycythaemia

A 
Breathing difficulties
Dizziness
Excessive bleeding
Splenomegaly
Headache
28
Q

What is essential thrombocythaemia?

A

Overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes

29
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Decrease in platelet levels

30
Q

What blood disorders are associated with mutations in the JAK2 gene?

A

Polycythemia Vera

Essential thrombocythaemia

31
Q

What causes primary immunodeficiency?

A

Chronic granulomatous diseases

32
Q

What causes secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Viral e.g. HIV/AIDs

33
Q

Define auto inflammation

A

Prolonged, unwanted innate immunity

34
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Loss or failure of self recognition

35
Q

What is the principle site of haematopoiesis in adults?

A

Long bones

36
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Sites where lymphocytes differentiate to express antigen receptors
E.g. Thymus (t lymphocytes) and bone marrow (b lymphocytes)

37
Q

What Are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Specialised sites for turning on the acquired immune response
E.g. Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

38
Q

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

A

Superficial veins

39
Q

What do deep lymphatics follow?

A

Main vessels e.g. Aorta

40
Q

Where does 3/4 of lymph from the body drain into?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein via thoracic duct

41
Q

Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain into?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

42
Q

List the main immunity cells

A 
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Natural killer cells
Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

Block 4 (2 decks)

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