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Block 4 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

What cells give rise to platelets, erythrocytes and monocytes?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

Where is the main site of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

A

Liver

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3
Q

What are the main growth factors that regulate haematopoiesis?

A

Interleukins 1-3
Stem cell factor
Erythropoietin

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4
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

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5
Q

What are the 4 components of an erythrocytes membrane?

A

Spectrin-forms scaffold maintaining shape and integrity
Ankrytin-anchors ion channels to spectrum skeleton
Band 4.1 protein-regulates membrane stability by stabilising spectrin-actin cytoskeleton
Band 3 protein-exchanges chloride and bicarbonate ions across the membrane

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6
Q

Where are damaged erythrocytes removed from the blood?

A

The spleen

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7
Q

What class of antigens determine the blood type of a person?

A

ABO

Split into a and b antigens

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8
Q

What antibodies target non-present ABO antigens?

A

IgM

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9
Q

What is haematocrit? What are normal levels?

A

Percentage volume of erythrocytes in the blood
Women-40%
Men-45%

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10
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

Megakarocytes

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11
Q

What regulates platelet production?

A

Thrombopoietin

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12
Q

What is the primary function of platelets?

A

Aggregation at site of wound repair to stop bleeding

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13
Q

What clotting components are required for platelet aggregation?

A

vWF

Fibrogen

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of granules found in platelets?

A

Dense-stimulate aggregation. Contain ATP calcium and 5-HT
Lambda-contain hydrolytic enzymes
Alpha-contain coagulation factors

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

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16
Q

What do neutrophils induce?

A

Inflammatory response

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17
Q

What indicated iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Low Hb

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18
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Genetic condition

Deficient synthesis of Hb

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19
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by damage to bone marrow

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20
Q

What is the normal structure of haemoglobin?

A

Globin in ring of 4 polypeptide chains- 2 alpha,2 beta

Haem ring with Fe2+ ion in centre

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21
Q

What is different about foetal haemoglobin?

A

2 gamma chains instead of beta

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22
Q

What is indicated by a rise in HbA2

A

Sickle-cell anaemia

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23
Q

What are the 3 main forms of beta thalassemia?

A

Minor-mild or absent anaemia
Intermedia-moderate anaemia
Major-severe anaemia requiring regular transfusions

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24
Q

What is the precursor for erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes

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25
Q

What do proerythroblasts divide into?

A

Haemoglobin synthesising cells

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26
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess of rbcs
Absolute-overproduction of rbcs
- primary: due to factors increasing production
- secondary: due to other conditions increasing RBC production e.g. Hypoxia
Relative-apparent rise in rbcs but actually due to reduction in blood plasma

27
Q

Clinical signs of polycythaemia

A 
Breathing difficulties
Dizziness
Excessive bleeding
Splenomegaly
Headache
28
Q

What is essential thrombocythaemia?

A

Overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes

29
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Decrease in platelet levels

30
Q

What blood disorders are associated with mutations in the JAK2 gene?

A

Polycythemia Vera

Essential thrombocythaemia

31
Q

What causes primary immunodeficiency?

A

Chronic granulomatous diseases

32
Q

What causes secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Viral e.g. HIV/AIDs

33
Q

Define auto inflammation

A

Prolonged, unwanted innate immunity

34
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Loss or failure of self recognition

35
Q

What is the principle site of haematopoiesis in adults?

A

Long bones

36
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Sites where lymphocytes differentiate to express antigen receptors
E.g. Thymus (t lymphocytes) and bone marrow (b lymphocytes)

37
Q

What Are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Specialised sites for turning on the acquired immune response
E.g. Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

38
Q

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

A

Superficial veins

39
Q

What do deep lymphatics follow?

A

Main vessels e.g. Aorta

40
Q

Where does 3/4 of lymph from the body drain into?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein via thoracic duct

41
Q

Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain into?

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

42
Q

List the main immunity cells

A 
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Natural killer cells
Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
43
Q

Outline the intrinsic pathway

A
  1. Damage to endothelial cells exposes collagen fibres and blood comes into contact with them
  2. This also damages platelets which release phospholipids
  3. Blood contact with collagen activates factor XII
  4. Factor XII in presence of Ca2+ and platelet phospholipids eventually activates factor X
  5. Activated factor X combines with factor V in presence of Ca2+ to form active enzyme prothrombinase
44
Q

What marks the beginning of the common pathway?

A

Formation of prothrombinase

45
Q

Outline the common pathway

A
  1. Prothrombinase and Ca2+ catalyse conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  2. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands
  3. Thrombin also activates factor XIII
  4. Factor XIII strengthens and stabilises fibrin strands into a clot
46
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

Tightening of fibrin clot

47
Q

What do natural killer cells attack?

A

Any body displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins

48
Q

What is the role of perforin?

A

Inserted into plasma membrane of infected cell and creates channels
ECM enters cell and causes it to burst in cytolysis

49
Q

What are granzymes?

A

Protein digesting enzymes that induce apoptosis in target cell

50
Q

What are the 2 main phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

51
Q

What are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis: phagocyte moves to damage site
Adherence: phagocyte attached to foreign material
Ingestion: phagocyte extends pseudopods and engulfs microbe. Microbe is eventually surrounded by phagosome
Digestion: phagosome enters cytoplasm and forms phagolysosome. Lysozyme is secreted to break down cell wall and rest of microbe
Killing: microbe killed, remaining structures kept in residual bodies

52
Q

2 immediate changes in blood vessels in region of tissue injury.

A

Vasodilation: more blood flow to area

Increased permeability: allows defensive proteins to enter injured area from blood

53
Q

How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

54
Q

How do kinins contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Induce vasodilation and increased permeability, chemotactic agents for phagocytes

55
Q

How do prostaglandins contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Intensify effects of histamine and kinins, stimulate emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls

56
Q

How do leukotrienes contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Increase permeability, chemotactic agents, enhance adherence of phagocytes to pathogens

57
Q

How does the complement system contribute to the inflammatory response?

A

Stimulates histamine release, chemotactic agents and promotes phagocytosis.

58
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vasodilation and increased permeability
  2. Phagocyte emigration
  3. Tissue repair
59
Q

Where do B and T cells form and mature?

A

B cells: form and mature in bone marrow

T cells: form in bone marrow, mature in the thymus

60
Q

What is immunocompetence?

A

Ability to carry out immune responses

61
Q

What are the 2 types of T cell?

A

Helper T cells : CD4

Cytotoxic T cells : CD8

62
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Cell-mediated

Antibody-mediated

63
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Proliferation and differentiation of a lymphocyte in response to a specific antigen

64
Q

What is antigen processing?

A

Breakdown of antigenic proteins into peptide fragments that associate with MHC molecules
Class 1: process endogenous antigens e.g. Viral
Class 2: process exogenous antigens e.g. Bacterial

Block 4 (2 decks)

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