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Podmed > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

0
Q

Modifiable risk factors of OA

A 
Overweight/Obesity
Low quads strength
Joint malogent
Occupational trauma
Sport trauma
Metabolic or inflammatory disorder
Increased grip strength in men
Nutrition
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1
Q

Non modifiable risk factors of OA

A 
Age
Genes
Family hx
Hx of trauma
Hx of infection
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2
Q

General radiological signs of OA

A 
Nonuniform loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral sclerosis
Deformity
Subluxation
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3
Q

Typical foot position of someone suffering from rheumatoid arthritis

A

STJ pronation with marked calcaneal eversion

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4
Q

X-ray will show what in the early stage of RA

A

Soft tissue swelling, periarticular demineralisation, synovitis (increased thickness of synovium)

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5
Q

Mid term RA will should what on an X-ray

A

Uniform loss of joint space. Boney erosions: sharply marinated Juxtaarticular lesion initially at the ‘bare area’ AKA rat bite erosions

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6
Q

Describe boutonnière deformity

A

Fixed flexion on PIPJ & hyperextension of DIPJ

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7
Q

Describe swan neck deformity

A

Hyperextension of PIPJ & fixed flexion of DIPJ

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8
Q

Risk factors for septic arthritis

A 
Chronic illness
Pre existing arthritis
Intravenous drug use
Impaired cellular immunity
Steroids
Artificial joint prostheses
Children <3years 
Elderly people
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9
Q

First line therapy in the treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis

A

Bisphosphonates

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10
Q

First line therapy for paget’s disease

A

Bisphosphonates (inhibit resorption)

Calcitonin (inhibit osteo last activity & decrease bone resorption)

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11
Q

What percentage of malignant tumours are secondary?

A

70%

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12
Q

What percentage of benign tumours are secondary?

A

0%

100% of benign tumours are primary

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13
Q

The terrible triad of malignancy

A

Pain
Increased radioisotope uptake on bone scan
Destructive (osteo lyric) changes on xray

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14
Q

Ddx for gout

A 
Septic arthritis
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
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15
Q

PAD symptoms

A 
Cramp like pain
Tightness
Tiredness
Impotency
rest pain
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16
Q

What does brown skin indicate?

A

Hosiderosis

Wet gangrene

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17
Q

What causes the initial upstroke

A

Systole

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18
Q

Terrible triad of malignancy

A

Pain
Increased radioisotope uptake on bone scan
Destructive changes on x-ray (osteolytic)

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19
Q

Classification and dragon of bone tumours

A

Tissue type (matrix=main tissue of a rumour)
Activity
Aggression

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20
Q

Gold standard for neoplasm imaging

A

MRI

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21
Q

If a tumour is less than 6cm diameter when discovered would you suspect it to be malignant or benign?

A

Benign

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22
Q

Describing lesions (10)

A 
Bone
Position
Site of origin
Shape
Size
Margination
Cortical integrity
Behaviour of the lesion 
Matrix
Periosteal response
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23
Q

Three most common types of benign bone tumours

A

Osteochondroma
Non-ossifying fibroma
Osteoid oateoma

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24
Q

Spontaneous resolution
Pain relieved by aspirin
3-5mm diameter oval radiolucent nidus
Signs of what?

A

Osteoid osteoma

25
Q

Three most common malignant bone tumours

A

Osteogenic Sacroma
Ewings sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma

26
Q

What type of bone lesion may have a salt and pepper, speckled calcification a, popcorn pattern?

A

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant

27
Q

What grade is a chondrosarcoma that: rarely metastasises. Rarely recur after limb salvaging excision, involved bone is resected along with a small cuff of surrounding muscle.

A

Low grade chondrosarcoma

28
Q

Describe a high grade chondrosarcoma

A

Higher rate of recurrence after limb salvage. Prone to pulmonary metastasis. Require amputation

29
Q

Benign tumour of lobules and mature fat

A

Lipoma

30
Q

Malignant cartilaginous tumour of bone, less aggressive than osteosarcoma

A

Chondrosarcoma

31
Q

Clinical presentation of a glomus tumour

A
  1. Recurrent excruciating pain
  2. Tenderness
  3. Cold sensitivity
32
Q

Giant cell tumour

A

Benign but locally aggressive lesion

33
Q

Aneurysmal bone cyst

A 
Pseudo tumour (non Neoplastic)
Benign but locally aggressive

Extremely rapid cell growth is typical

34
Q

Simple bone cyst aka unicameral bone cyst

A

Membrane lined Cabot containing a clear yellow fluid (children 4-10yrs)

35
Q

Enchondroma

A

Intramedullary cartilaginous tumour(benign and symptomatic)

36
Q

Younger patient with unexplained hip pain could be attributed to

A

PVNS

Pigmented villi modular synovitis

37
Q

PVNS

A

Pigmented villonodular synovitis

Slowly growing benign, locally invasive tumour of the synovium

38
Q

Allocation concealment

A

Occurs when the person who is enrolling a participant into a clinical trial is unaware of the allocation

39
Q

Case control study

A

A study whick involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest (cases) and patients without the same outcome (controls) and looking to see if they had the exposure of interest

40
Q

Cohort study

A

Involves the identification of two groups (cohorts) or patients, one which received the exposure of interest, and one which did not, and following these cohorts forward for the outcome of interest

41
Q

Clinically significant

A

A treatment effect that is large enough to be of practical importance to pts and practitioners

42
Q

Confidence interval

A

Estimates the unknown quantities

43
Q

Confidence limits

A

The upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval

44
Q

Continuous data

A

Data with proportionally infinite number of possible values with in a given range. Height weight and blood pressure are examples of continuous variables

45
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

Assesses whether the cost of an intervention is worth the benefit by measuring both in the same units;monetary units are usually used

46
Q

Cost effective analysis

A

Measures the net cost of providing an intervention as well as the outcomes obtained. Outcomes are reported in a single unit of measurement

47
Q

Crossover study design

A

Administration of two or more experimental therapies one after another in a specified or random order to the same group of patients

48
Q

Cross sectional study

A

The observation of a defined population at a single point in time or time interval. Exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously

49
Q

Decision analysis (or clinical decision analysis)

A

Application or explicit, quantitative methods that quantify prognoses, treatment effects and patient values in order to analyse a decision under conditions of uncertainty

50
Q

Dichotomatous data

A

Data that can take one of two possible values, such as a dead/alive, smoker no- smoker, present not/present (also called binary data) sometimes continuous data or original data are simplified as dichotomous data

51
Q

Effect size

A

Generic term for the estimate of effect of treatment

Dimensionless measure of effect that is typically used for continuous data when different scales

52
Q

Effectiveness

A

The extent to which a specific intervention does what it is intended to under ordinary circumstances

(Pragmatic or management trials)

53
Q

Efficacy

A

The extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Clinical trials that assess efficacy are sometimes call explanatory trials & are restricted to participants who fully co-operate

54
Q

Estimate of effect

A

The observed relationship between an intervention and outcome expressed

Number needed to treat
Odds ratio
Risk ratio
Risk difference
Standardised mean difference 
Weighted mean difference
55
Q

Intra rater reliability

A

Same tester

56
Q

Inter rater reliability

A

Two testers

57
Q

Gout

A

Uric acid crystals

58
Q

Pseudo gout

A

Calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals

59
Q

Why is gout called the disease of kings?

A

It’s association with rich foods and alcohol consumption

Podmed (4 decks)

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