General

Question 1

Science defn

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Answer 1

SCO
(Systematically acquired, Certified & changing knowledge, Observable facts)

Question 2

Characteristics of Science mnemonic

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Answer 2

People Frequently Pose Problems, Seeking Careful Conclusions

Question 3

Characteristics of Science

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Answer 3

Positivism
Falsificationism(Karl Popper)
Predictive Instrumentalism(John Dewey)
Paradigmatic approach(Thomas Kuhn)
Social Constructionism
Critical Realism(Roy Bhaskar)
Cognitive Instrumentalism

Question 4

Paradigm->consensus abt(2)

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Answer 4

Nature of reality
Valid approach to study it

Question 5

Paradigm determines

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Answer 5

Valid
(assumptions, questions, methods, results, theories)

Question 6

Social constructionism eg

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Answer 6

Michael Lynch
(Science labs
Scientists- prefixed theories in mind
deviance->artefact)

Question 7

Scientific method defn

A-4

Answer 7

Logical, Rational, Efficient & Effective (way)
Collecting, Organising, Interpreting (facts)

Question 8

Principles of Scientific Method

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Answer 8

ESE Gate
Empirical Obs
Skepticism
Experimentation
Generalisation

Question 9

Stages of Scientific Method(mnemonic)

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Answer 9

Inspector Larry Carefully Hunts Down Thieves, Collects Reports, Publishes & Reviews

Question 10

Stages of Scientific Method

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Answer 10

1. Ident of Research problem
2. Literature Review
3. Create a Research Design
4. Construct Hypothesis
5. Data collection
6. Test Validity & Reliability of data
7. Classify & Interpret data
8. Record results & process of research adopted
9. Peer-review & publish
10. Results opened to other scientists to verify, use or refute

Question 11

Critique of Scientific method(2)

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Answer 11

Paul Feyerabend(agst method)
Hans Reichenbach(2 context->discovery, justification)