General Flashcards

Question

How does weight affect flight performance?

Answer 1

A heavier gross weight results in a longer takeoff roll and shallower climb and a faster touchdown speed and longer landing roll.

Answer 2

Forward force produces by powerplan/propeller

Answer 3

A rearward, retarding force caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, propeller, fuselage, other protruding objects

Answer 4

The upward force that is produced by dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil and acts perpendicular to the flight path.

Answer 5

The combined load of the aircraft itself, the crew, the fuel and the cargo or baggage. Pulls the aircraft downward because of gravity.

Answer 6

The acute angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the direction of the relative wind

Answer 7

Direction of the airflow produced by an object moving thru the air. Relative wind is opposite the aircrafts flight path.

Answer 8

Explains how lift is created Pressure and velocity are inversely related so airflow over the upper surface of an airfoil causes a reduction in air pressure, inducing lift

Answer 9

A rapid or sudden loss of lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface brought on by exceeding the critical AOA A stall can occur at any pitch, attitude or airspeed

Answer 10

Reduction in induced drag due to interference of the ground with airflow around the wing Exist approximately one wingspan from the ground. Feels like an increase in lift.

Answer 11

Parasite drag-caused by the aircraft’s surface deflecting/ interference with the smooth airflow over the plane. Increases with speed, slows the aircraft down. Induced drag- byproduct of lift, decreases with speed

Answer 12

1.form drag-the drag created because of the shape of a compartment or the aircraft. 2.skin friction drag-caused by air slowing down as it moves across the surface of the aircraft. Rivets, dirt, or anything that makes the surface less smooth adds to this type of drag. 3.interference drag- caused by the intersecting airstreams from different parts of the aircraft.

Answer 13

Vg, glide speed, also known as the lift to drag ratio.

Answer 14

when the propeller's blades experience different loads, resulting in different amounts of lift or thrust. This can happen when the aircraft is at a high angle of attack, such as during takeoff or slow flight. P-factor is why right rudder pressure is applied during takeoff

Answer 15

Adverse yaw is when the nose of the aircraft tends to turn away from intended direction of turn. The adverse yaw is a result of differential drag and slight difference in velocity of the left and the right wings. The downward deflected aileron produces more lift and drag. This added drag causes the wing to slow down slightly, resulting in the aircraft yawing toward the wing that has experienced more lift and drag. Application of the rudder is used to counteract adverse yaw.

Answer 16

A spin is an aggravated, uncoordinated stall that results in a descending autorotation A spin is most likely to occur in uncoordinated base to final turn. The aircraft will spin in the direction of the most stalled” wing.

Answer 17

P.A.R.E P-power idle A-ailerons neutral R-opposite rudder, which fight more E- Elevator forward, briskly

Answer 18

Wingtip vortices are created when an airplane generates lift. As lift is generated, air spills over the wingtips and creates rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip vortices or wake turbulence. Wingtip vortices are greatest when generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow, most commonly encountered during takeoff and landings. To minimize the chances of flying through another aircrafts wake turbulance: 1.Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flightpath 2.When taking off behind another aircraft, rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated. 3.Avoid following another aircraft on similar flight path at an altitude within 1’000 feet 4.when landing behind another aircraft approach the runway above a preceding aircraft’s path and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft’s wheels contacted the runway.

Answer 19

1.controlled airspace around smaller airports 2.typically surface to 2,500 msl 3.Dashed blue lines with one layer on vfr sectional charts 4.can revert to class echo at night if atc tower is not operable 5.solo student pilots allowed 6.mode c transponder and adsb not required 7.2way radio contact required 8.speed restrictions:200 knots inside 9.vfr basic weather mins:3sm vis, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal

Answer 20

1.controlled airspace not classified as a,b,c,d 3.typically from 1200’ agl to class a, but can begin at surface or 700’ agl 4.may be depicted on vfr sectional chart as dashed magenta line(surface) or faded solid magenta circle(700’ agl) or blue solid faded circle(1,200’ agl) 5.vfr weather minimum requirements: Below 10,000 msl:basic 3 sm visibility, 1000’ above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal Above 10,000’ msl:5sm visibility, 1000’ above, 1000’ below, 1sm horizontal of clouds

Answer 21

Feetso1450 1.federal airways-airways that are the primary means for routing aircraft operating under ifr. 2.extension to surface- class echo extensions that begin at the surface up to the overlying controlled airspace 3. En-route domestic area- class echo that extends upward from a specified altitude and is used for en-route domestic airspace areas to provide controlled airspace. 4.transition area-class echo beginning at 700’ agl, shown as a thick faded magenta line on vfr sectional charts 5.surface area designated to an airport- class echo beginning at ground surface, show as a dashed magenta line on vfr sectional charts 6.offshore-controls incoming and outgoing international flights, extends 12 nm from the coast 7.14,500 class echo beginning at 14,500 msl unless otherwise depicted.

Answer 22

1.Uncontrolled, low lying airspace 2.extends from surface to the base of overlying class echo Vfr weather mins: Above 10,000 msl: 5sm vis, 1000’ below, 1000’ above, 1 mile horizontal of clouds Below: Day: 1sm vis, clear of clouds Night: basic 3sm vis, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal of clouds

Answer 23

1.Airspace where air traffic control(atc) services are provided. 2.established to ensure the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. Aircraft operating within controlled airspace are subject to specific regulations and clearance requirements. 3. Within controlled airspace, pilots are required to communicate with atc, adhere to designated routes and altitudes, and obtain clearances for various activities such as takeoffs, landings and changes in direction. 4.Air traffic controllers provide separation services to ensure that aircraft maintain safe distances from each other and assist pilots in navigating through the airspace.

Answer 24

1.Airspace where air traffic control(atc) does not have jurisdiction and services are not provided 2.aircraft operating within uncontrolled airspace have greater freedom and responsibility for their own navigation and separation from other aircraft 3. Uncontrolled airspace is typically found in less congested or remote areas, away from major airports and airways. It may include rural or sparsely populated regions, as well as lower altitudes where air traffic is less dense.

Answer 25

Controlled field- 3sm ground vis Uncontrolled field- 1sm ground vis, clear of clouds

Answer 26

Lines of equal magnetic variation, shown on vfr sectional chart

Answer 27

Military operations area- defined vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from ifr traffic. Shown as magenta hash on vfr sectional charts. Check sectional chart for times of operation. Altitudes affected, and controlling agency. Vfr pilots should exercise extreme caution when flying through, permission is not required to enter.

Answer 28

Controlled firing area Areas of ongoing activities that could be hazardous to non-participating aircraft. Ex:artillery fire. Not depicted on vfr sectional charts

Answer 29

Areas where no civil aircraft is allowed. Shown as blue hash marks on vfr sectional charts. Check sectional for more info.

Answer 30

Areas of unusual, often invisible, hazards to aircraft(ex: artillery firing, aerial gunnery, or guided missiles) shown as blue hash marks on vfr sectional charts with r-xx. Need permission to enter if area is hot”

Answer 31

Areas of high volume of pilot training or any unusual type of aerial activity. Pilots should be particularly alert in these areas. No permission is needed to enter. Shown as blue hash on vfr sectional chart with a-xx.

Answer 32

Airspace extending 3nm outward from the us coastline that contains activity hazardous to non participating aircraft. The purpose is to warn pilots of potential danger. Shown as blue hash marks on vfr sectional chart with w-xx

Answer 33

Military training route(mtr), national security area(nsa) temporary flight restriction(tfr), flight restriction zone(frz) wildlife refuge, etc.

Answer 34

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring. It was developed to assess the integrity of the gps signal. If you get a low raim or a no raim gps is not reliable.

Answer 35

Va The speed at which one abrupt full deflection can be performed without over stressing the aircraft or risking structural damage.115-129mph not shown on tachometer

Answer 36

Rotation speed. 65mph

Answer 37

Maneuvering speed, max speed one abrupt maneuver with no structural damage.115-129mph

Answer 38

Best glide speed. 80mph

Answer 39

Max flaps extended speed. 115mph Top of white line

Answer 40

Max landing gear extended. Not available for my plane.

Answer 41

Max speed landing gear can safely be extended or retracted.

Answer 42

Max speed landing gear can safely be extended or retracted.

Answer 43

Never exceed speed. 171 mph Red line

Answer 44

Max structural cruising speed. 140mph Top of green line

Answer 45

Power off stall speed landing configuration. 55 mph (Full flaps, bottom of white line)

Answer 46

Minimum controllable airspeed. 55mph

Answer 47

Power off stall speed clean configuration. 64 mph Zero flaps, bottom of green line

Answer 48

Best angle of climb,74mph. max altitude gain per horizontal distance

Answer 49

Best rate of climb. 85mph Max altitude gain per time.

Answer 50

Indicated airspeed. The direct reading from the airspeed indicator

Answer 51

Calibrated airspeed. IAS corrected for instrument, position error.

Answer 52

True airspeed. Actual speed through the air. CAS corrected for non-standard temp and pressure.

Answer 53

Altitude read directly from the altimeter when it is set to the correct, local altimeter setting

Answer 54

Actual height above mean sea level(msl)

Answer 55

Actual height above ground level(agl)

Answer 56

Altitude corrected for non-standard pressure, reading on altimeter if set to 29.92” hg standard datum.

Answer 57

Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temp, the altitude the plane feels like it’s operating based on temperature, pressure and humidity.

Answer 58

High to low lookout below Temperature, humidity, pressure. Less air density less performance.

Answer 59

1.Cannot carry passengers 2. Cannot carry property or passengers for compensation or hire. 3.Cannot fly for compensation or hire 4. Cannot fly in furtherance of business 5. Cannot fly with a surface visibility of less than 3sm during day. 5sm night. 6. Flight must be made with visual reference to the surface. 7. Cannot fly in a manner contrary to any limitations placed on the pilot’s logbook by an authorized instructor.

Answer 60

the broadest classification of aircraft based on their intended use and operating environment, such as plane, glider, or helicopter.

Answer 61

A more specific division within a category based on design and performance characteristics, such as single-engine or multi-engine.

Answer 62

Refers to a specific make and model of an airceaft, such as boeing 737 or piper cherokee

Answer 63

1st class- Airline transport pilots 2nd class- Commercial pilots 3rd class- Private pilots, student pilots

Answer 64

Under 40-60 months till end of month Over 40- 24 months till end of month

Answer 65

Pilots license or student pilots license Government-issued photo ID Valid medical certificate Logbook with proper endorsement, if soloing as student.

Answer 66

Never, as long as you remain current vfr takeoff mins. Biannual review and have a valid medical certificate. U can act as PIC

Answer 67

Supplements21.120 Placards91.9 Airworthiness certificate 21.181 Registration 91.203 Radio license(international) Operational limits found in poh 91.9 Weight and balance 23.1589

Answer 68

No, only when solo-ing as student pilot

Answer 69

Yes every 7 years after the last day of the month which it was issued or after a change in ownership. Owner dies, sold from another country.

Answer 70

Alternative way for pilots to fly without holding faa medical

Answer 71

1. Hold a valid drivers license 2.have held a medical certificate after july 14,2006 3.complete physical exam with a state licensed physician 4. Complete medical education course

Answer 72

1.Cannot carry more than 6 passengers or fly an aircraft that can carry more than 7 2.cannot operate any aircraft that has a maximum certified takeoff weight of more than 12,500 lbs. 3. Must operate only under vfr or ifr, within the u.s. under 18,000 msl and cannot exceed 250 knots 4.cannot fly for compensation or hire 5. Pilots must take education course every 24 calendar months. Medical exam must be completed by aviation medical examiner or state licensed physician every 48 calendar months.

Answer 73

Proficiency- what is safe, self-determined minimums, do I feel comfortable making this flight? Currency- what is legal, the minimum faa requirements to be able to fly, can I legally make this flight?

Answer 74

1.receive and log both ground and flight training by an authorized instructor in the same type of aircraft. 2.receive a one-time endorsement from an authorized instructor.

Answer 75

An aircraft containing retractable gear, flaps, controllable pitch propeller.

Answer 76

Aircraft with engine capable of producing more than 200 horsepower

Answer 77

Faa inspection certificate granted to an aircraft after it has been thoroughly inspected and deemed safe for flight A valid airworthiness certificate is required onboard for every flight visible to all passengers.

Answer 78

No as long as inspection requirements are met and the aircraft receives the required maintenance

Answer 79

A-airworthiness directives Urgent or less urgent(within period of time A-annual/every 12 calendar ms91.409 V-vor/every 30 days/ifronly 91.171 1-100 hour inspection/if for hire91.409b A-altimeter and pitot static system Every 24 calendar months91.411 T-transponder/ 24 calendar ms91.413 E- elt every/12 months, 1 hour cumulative use, or 50% of usable battery, unknown use)91.207

Answer 80

To fly over an annual inspection, you must obtain a special flight permit issued by the FAA for the purpose of flying the aircraft to a location where the annual inspection can be performed

Answer 81

1. A 100 hour inspection has a grace period of 10 hours and in those ten hours can only be flown en route to inspection. 2. Any excess time used for this purpose must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service 3.annual can substitute 100 hour inspection. However, 100 hour inspection cannot substitute an annual inspection.

Answer 82

1.an annual inspection is required for all aircraft every 12 calendar months 2. A 100-hour inspection is only required for aircraft for hire. A 100-hour inspection cannot take the place of an annual inspection but an annual can take the place of a 100-hour inspection 3. An aircraft maintenance technician(amp) can sign off on an 100-hour inspection but an authorized inspector(ai) must sign off on an annual inspection

Answer 83

1.used to notify aircraft owners of unsafe post- manufacture conditions under which the aircraft may continue to be operated 2. Essentially a recall for an aircraft part that must be fixed for the aircraft to remain airworthy.

Answer 84

Urgent/ requires immediate compliance prior to flight Non urgent/ requires compliance within a certain period of time

Answer 85

1.a special airworthiness certificate authorizing operation of an aircraft that does not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but safe for specific flight. 2. Used to allow the aircraft to be flown to a location where repairs, alterations or maintenance can be performed; for delivering or exporting the aircraft. Or for evacuating an aircraft from an area of impending danger

Answer 86

Simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations. You can find a comprehensive list in FAR part 43 appendix A

Answer 87

1.cleaning and greasing landing gear 2.replacing tires, safety belts, batteries, lightbulbs, etc. 3.removing, installing, and repairing landing gear tires 4.replenishing hydraulic fluid. 5.simple fabric patches.

Answer 88

Emergency locator transmitter 1.an elt broadcast distictive signals on designated frequencies and is typically auto activated on impact 2.an elt is not required for scheduled flights by air carriers, training flights within 50 nm of the home airport, agricultural purpose aircraft, and aircraft not equipped to carry more than one passenger

Answer 89

Every 12 calendar months and replaced or recharged after 1 hour cumulative use or after half of the battery life is used, also if the use is not know like if you find it turned on.

Answer 90

Minimum equipment lists- document that allows an aircraft to operate safely with some equipment inoperable, as approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Answer 91

Yes, as long as the equipment is not mandatory for flight.

Answer 92

The inoperative equipment item shall be deactivated or removed and an “inoperative” placard must be placed near the appropriate switch, control, and indicator.

Answer 93

If the aircraft is operated for hire, the flight cannot be conducted at night. The landing light must be deactivated by pulling the breaker, and placarded as inoperative” If the aircraft is not operated for hire, a vfr flight at night can still be conducted A daytime flight can still be conducted.

Answer 94

Cancel the flight because the aircraft does not meet the minimum equipment requirement for flight

Answer 95

The equipment must be deactivated by pulling the breaker and placarded as “inoperative” The flight can still be conducted

Answer 96

forecast map showing the state of the atmosphere at a future time. Issued 4x per day, 12-24 hour validity, consists of pressure, fronts, precipitation, vfr, mvfr, ifr conditions, turbulence, freezing levels

Answer 97

1.analysis of current surface weather 2. Issued every 3 hours 3. Consists of high/low pressure areas, fronts, isobars, temperatures, dew points, wind direction and speed

Answer 98

report based on metars and other surface observations that give a broad overview of flying conditions(vfr/ifr, fronts, throughs, squall lines) 2.issued every 3 hours 3. used for flight planning, valid as reported

Answer 99

Atis- automated terminal information service. Recording of the local weather conditions and other pertinent information broadcast on local frequency in a looped format. Updated every hour by a human and given a unique identifier code. Asos/awos- automated surface/weather observing system. Continuous broadcast of weather conditions by a computer. Reports include date, time, wind direction and speed, visibility, sky condition, temperature, dew point, altimeter setting

Answer 100

Airman’s meteorlogical information 1.unscheduled in flight Advisory of significant weather phenomena hazardous to light aircraft. Ex:moderate icing, turbulence, surface winds of 30+ knots 2.valid for 6-hour period with updates as needed

Answer 101

61.103 1.Be at least 17 years of age 2.Be able to read, write, speak, and understand english. 3.Hold a US student pilot certificate 4. Hold at least a third- class medical certificate 5. Receive and log ground and flight training and receive proper endorsements by an authorized instructor. 6.pass the required knowledge and practical test. 7.meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements from FAR 61.109

Answer 102

Complete a biannual flight review with an authorized instructor within the preceding 24 calendar months. Can be substituted by a check ride for a rating. Also there is day and night vfr currencys witch are 3 take offs and landings within the preceding 90 days. They must be to a complete stop at night.

Answer 103

1. Within the preceding 90 days, log 3 takeoffs and landings in the same category, class, and type of aircraft. 2. If carrying passengers at night, takeoffs and landings must be made to a full stop and at night.

Answer 104

Night” is one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise.

Answer 105

Night” is the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the air almanac, converted to local time.

Answer 106

1.can act as pic and carry passengers if passengers currency requirements are met. 2. Can fly for charitable event. 3.Can fly for search and rescue 4. Can act as an aircraft salesman with 200+ hours of pic experience 5. Can tow a glider with proper training and endorsement and over 100 hours of pic

Answer 107

1. Cannot act as pic for compensation or hire. 2.5 cannot carry passengers or property for compensation or hire 2. Cannot pay less than pro-rata share of the operating expenses involving only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees. 3. Can only fly in vfr weather conditions 61.117 cannot be sic. I cannot fly a plane that requires 2 pilots

Answer 108

1.sierra-ifr conditions and mountain obscuration 2.tango- moderate turbulance, strong surface winds 30+ knots, and/or low-level wind shear 3. Zulu- moderate icing and freezing levels

Answer 109

Significant meteorological linformation: issued as required by meteorological watch offices. Valid 4 hours, cover 3k square miles. If related to hurricane: valid for 6 hours. Issued for hazardous non convective wx such as severe icing & turb, sand storm, dust storm & volcanic ash.

Answer 110

1.an unscheduled inflight weather advisory issued for hazardous convective weather that affects the safety of all aircraft. 2. Issued for severe thunderstorms with surface winds greater than 50 knots, hail larger than 3/4 inch in diameter. Tornadoes, and embedded thunderstorms, line of thunderstorms. 3. Issued 55 minutes past the hour and valid for 2 hours 4. Special convective sigmet’s issued as needed.

Answer 111

A sigmet is always worse as it advises all aircraft of extreme conditions Airmet only advises light aircraft.

Answer 112

Meteorological aerodrome report 1. An observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format 2. Issued hourly at 55 minutes past the hour or anytime special weather events occur(speci) Ex: metar kggg 161753z auto 14021g26kt 3/4 sm +trsa

Answer 113

Terminal aerodrome forecast Issued 4x per day, valid 24 hours, Reports forecasted winds, visibility, sky conditions and weather in vicinity of airport5nm

Answer 114

Reports of actual in flight conditions issued by pilots. 1. The two types are 1.ua- routine report 2.uua- urgent report 2. Reports include location, time, altitude, sky cover, visibility, observed weather, cloud layer, temperature, wind, possible turbulence, and potential icing. Pireps are available from atc, fss, aviation weather.gov

Answer 115

Uneven heating of the earths surface

Answer 116

Troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere

Answer 117

Differences in pressure in The atmosphere.

Answer 118

a change in wind speed and/or direction over a short distance

Answer 119

1.calm 2.stratiform clouds 3.smooth air 4. Steady or continuous precipitation 5. Poor surface visibility

Answer 120

1.cumulous clouds, or clouds with vertical development 2. Showery precipitation 3. Turbulence 4. Good surface visibility 5. Strong surface winds

Answer 121

a large body of air with a relatively uniform temperature and humidity that covers thousands of square miles or more. Air masses take on the characteristics of their source region, which can be polar regions, cold oceans, tropical oceans, or deserts. The longer an air mass stays over its source region, the more likely it is to adopt the properties of the surface below

Answer 122

The transition zone between two types of air masses

Answer 123

1.Cold-blue triangles- cold mass(stable air) advances under and replaces body of warmer air(fast moving, blue triangles on weather chart) 2.Ahead of cold front, towering cumulus clouds and cumulonimbus clouds may form. Severe weather is possible and may include rapid development of heavy rain showers, lightning, hail, and/or tornadoes. Eventually, good visibility prevails once the cold air dominates the area.

Answer 124

1.Warm front-red circles-warm mass (unstable air) advances over and replaces body of colder air(slow moving, red circles on weather chart) 2. Light to moderate precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or drizzle often along with poor visibility.

Answer 125

1. Stationary front-Red circles and blue triangles- when the forces of two fronts are relatively equal and the masses remain stationary(alternating red circles/blue triangles on weather chart) 2. Mix of cold and warm front conditions

Answer 126

1.Purple circles and triangles- fast moving cold front catches up to a slow moving warm front(purple alternating circle/triangle on weather chart) 2. Mix of cold and warm front conditions

Answer 127

Elongated area of low pressure, rising air

Answer 128

Elongated area of high pressure, descending air

Answer 129

Solid lines on a weather chart depicting lines of equal pressure. Lines closer together indicate steep pressure gradient and strong winds

Answer 130

1. Counter-clockwise inward rotation with rising air 2. Cyclonic 3.poor visibility 4. Rain, fog, thunderstorms, cloudiness

Answer 131

1.clockwise outward rotation with descending air 2.dry 3.good weather clear skies

Answer 132

Lowest layer of broken or overcast clouds

Answer 133

atmospheric pressure, jet streams, air around mountains, cold or warm weather fronts, and thunderstorms

Answer 134

Sufficient water vapor, unstable lapse rate and lifting action

Answer 135

1. Lapse rate is the change in temperature over altitude. 2. The standard temperature lapse rate is a temperature decrease of approximately 3.5 degrees farenheit or 2 degrees celsius per 1000’ in the troposphere.

Answer 136

Cumulus- initial updraft of air Mature- falling precipitation , convective activity(most turbulent stage) Clouds cannot hold the moisture and rain begins Dissipating- large downdrafts as the storm rains itself out Stay 20 nm away from thunderstorms because of hail

Answer 137

An extreme version of wind shear, characterized by an extreme downdraft up to 6’000 feet per minute Very dangerous to all pilots and all aircraft.

Answer 138

A narrow band of active thunderstorms, often forming on or ahead of a cold front.

Answer 139

A thunderstorm hidden” in the clouds When vertical clouds can be obscured by other cloud formations and are not always visible from the ground or while in flight.

Answer 140

The temperature at which air gets saturated 2. Moisture begins to condense out of the air in the form of fog, frost, clouds, rains, snow

Answer 141

Related to carb icing, venturi forces air through smaller hole and temperature drops as it passes ice forms with favorable conditions ex:low rpms, temps of 50 degrees or more, low temperature

Answer 142

Pitot tube gets blocked with ice, static port gets clogged rendering the instruments inaccurate

Answer 143

Clear- smooth, hard, glossy, transparent ice forms after the impact of large drops spread and freeze sheet-like over an airfoil. Rime- brittle, frost-like ice created by small drops that freeze rapidly before a raindrop has time to spread accross the airfoil Mixed- a mixture of clear ice and rime ice

Answer 144

Structural icing increases weight and drag, hence decreasing lift and thrust, reducing performance

Answer 145

1.radiation fog 2.advection fog 3.upslope fog 4.steam fog

Answer 146

Forms on clear nights with little or no wind and only over land. Heat absorbed by earth during the day is radiated into space. Ground surface cools and humidity reaches 💯 and fog forms. Always found at ground level, stationary, reduces visibility. Burns off once the sun rises and temperature increases.

Answer 147

Wind blows moist, warm air over colder land or water. The air mass is cooled from below and the temp is reduced to the dewpoint. Common in coastal areas where sea breezes can blow the air over cooler landmasses.

Answer 148

Light wind pushes moist, stable air up a slope to level where the air becomes saturated and condensation occurs, covering a large area.

Answer 149

Light wind pushes moist, stable air up a slope to level where the air becomes saturated and condensation occurs, covering a large area.

Answer 150

also known as evaporation fog, frost smoke, sea smoke, or Arctic sea smoke, is a type of fog that forms when cold air moves over warm water

Answer 151

Magnetic course 0-179 Odd thousand’ + 500’msl (3500’, 5500’, 7500’) Magnetic course 180- 359 Even thousand’ + 500’msl (4500’, 6500’, 8500’)

Answer 152

Anywhere- an altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing that can be executed without endangering persons or property on the ground. Congested areas- 1,000’ above the highest obstacle, 2,000 horizontal separation Uncongested areas- 1,000’ above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2000’ Uncongested 500’ away from any person, vessel, vehicle, structure Wildlife refuge area- 2’000’ agl

Answer 153

Controlled flight into terrain Unintentional flight into the ground/mountain/ obstacle caused by inadequate situational awareness

Answer 154

The difference between magnetic north and true north Vfr sectional charts use true north, while the aircraft’s compass uses magnetic north

Answer 155

The aircraft specific magnetic compass error due to installation and effect of the aircraft’s magnetic field on the compass

Answer 156

course is the intended direction of travel, while heading is the direction the aircraft is currently pointed

Answer 157

Course The intended direction of travel for a aircraft over earth.The path the vessel follows is called a track. Heading The direction the nose of an aircraft is pointed. The heading may not be the same as the direction the craft is actually traveling

Answer 158

Intended path of the aircraft over the ground

Answer 159

Direction in which the nose of the aircraft points during flight, true course corrected for wind

Answer 160

True heading corrected for variation

Answer 161

Magnetic heading corrected for deviation

Answer 162

True course corrected for variation

Answer 163

Determine the magnetic variation using a vfr sectional chart 1.true course + magnetic variation:magnetic course 2.west is best so you add magnetic variation 3.east is least so you subtract the magnetic variation

Answer 164

Universally coordinated time or utc All time zones are based off this reference: the entire world on one standard time. Originating from greenwich mean time

Answer 165

Helps rescue workers find your aircraft in an emergency You can file a vfr flight plan by calling 1-800-wx-brief, using 1800wxbrief.com, or in the air via the radio frequency found on a vfr sectional chart.

Answer 166

Vfr flight plans are not required by regulation. However, it is a good operating practice since the information contained in the flight plan can be used by search and rescue in the event of and emergency.

Answer 167

Controlled airspace from 18,000’ msl to flight level(fl) 600 1.not depicted on vfr sectional charts 2.ifr only 3. Standard pressure setting of 2992 3.5 clearance required to enter 4. 2-way radio,Mode-C transponder, and ADS-B Out. 5. Speed limit is mach1 6. No weather minimums

Answer 168

1.surrounds busiest airports 2.typically surface to 10,000’ msl. Solid blue lines with two or more layers on vfr sectional charts(upside down wedding cake) 3. Must be cleared to enter the bravo 4. Two way radio communication, adsb out and mode c transponder within mode c veil. 5. Student pilots may enter with endorsement. 6. Speed restrictions: 250 knots within, 200 knot limit below or through corridor of bravo 7. Vfr weather requirements: 3sm visibility, clear of clouds

Answer 169

1. Controlled airspace around airports not busy enough to require class b 2. Typically surface to 4,000’ msl. Inner core is 5nm radius, outer core is 10 nm radius.usually extends from 1’200 to 4’000’ 3.solid magenta lines with two layers on vfr sectional charts 4.must establish/maintain two way radio communication before entering , have adsb-out, mode c transponder 5. Student pilots allowed 6. Speed restrictions: 200 knots within 4nm radius, 250 knots everywhere else. Vfr weather requirements Basic:3sm1000above500below2000horizontal of clouds

Answer 170

Detonation- uncontrolled spontaneous , explosive ignition of the fuel- air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber. Caused by excessive temps, low-grade fuel, and high-pressure settings. Preignition- Fuel-air mixture ignites prematurely, usually caused by a residual hot spot in the combustion chamber. If either happens in- flight, richen mixture and pitch for higher airspeed to cool it down and land immediately.

Answer 171

Fixed tri-cycle landing gear with hydraulically activated disc brakes

Answer 172

2-25 gallon tanks 50 gallons of total fuel 48 gallons of usable fuel 2 gallons of unusable fuel Vented, sucked in by engine driven fuel pump and one electric driven fuel pump used on takeoff and landing. Fuel tank selector must be switched every 20-30 mins and a mixture control that controls how lean or rich the fuel/air ratio is.

Answer 173

6-8 quartz of 100w ashles oil

Answer 174

Manages the flow of fuel to the engine

Answer 175

1. Lubricates-greases all of the engine’s moving parts 2. Cools- Reduces friction and removes heat from cylinders 3. Seals- creates seals between the cylinder walls and pistons 4. Cleans- carries away contaminants inside of the engine.

Answer 176

Includes a 14 volt, 60 amp alternator. A 12 volt battery and a voltage regulator. An over-voltage relay and a master switch relay. fuses and circuit breakers.

Answer 177

1.Radio/avionics/gps 2.turn coordinator 3.pitot heat 4.interior& exterior lights 5. Fuel gauges/ pressure gauges 6. Electric fuel pump 7.stall warning

Answer 178

The difference in voltage keeps the battery charged. The generator/ alternator voltage output should be higher than the battery voltage.

Answer 179

The ammeter monitors the performance of the aircrafts electrical system. It shows if the alternator/ generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical power and indicates whether or not the battery is receiving an electrical charge.

Answer 180

controls the rate of charge to the battery by stabilizing the generator or alternator electrical output.

Answer 181

The pitot static system measures the pressure differential between the static air pressure and the dynamic pressure due to the motion of the aircraft through the air.

Answer 182

Airspeed indicator(asi) Vertical speed indicator(vsi) Altimeter

Answer 183

Provides static pressure if the primary static source becomes clogged or blocked

Answer 184

1.when the altimeter is setting moves from 29.92 to 30.22, the indicated altitude increases by 300 feet 2. The altimeter-indicated altitude moves in the same direction as the altimeter setting and changes 1,000 feet for every 1” or mercury

Answer 185

Turn coordinator Heading indicator Attitude indicator

Answer 186

Carburetor heat is an anti-icing system that preheats the air before it reaches the carburetor and is intended to keep the fuel air mixture above freezing to prevent the formation of carb ice.

Answer 187

1.Engine rpm drops because the heated air is less dense than the outside air that had been entering the engine, thus enriching the mixture and causing a decrease in engine performance. 2. When ice is present in an engine and carb heat is being used, there is a decrease in rpm, followed by a gradual increase in rpm as the ice melts. The engine should run more smoothly after the ice has been removed. 3. If ice is not present, the rpm decreases and then remains constant.

Answer 188

Altitudes 12,500-14,000 msl Pilot and flight crew must be supplied oxygen after 30 minutes accumulated Altitudes 14,000+ msl Pilot and crew must be supplied oxygen the entire flight Altitudes 15,000+ msl Everyone supplied supplemental oxygen

Answer 189

Lack of oxygen to vital organs

Answer 190

1. Headache 2.lightheadedness 3.dizziness or drowsiness 4. Turning blue 5. Euphoria 6.loss of coordination 7.decreased reaction time 8.typically experienced between 12,000’ and 15,000’

Answer 191

1. Get to a lower altitude immediately 2.perform emergency descent 3.use supplemental oxygen

Answer 192

Symptoms- lightheadedness, dizziness, visual impairment, loss of consciousness Treatments- slow and control the breathing rate by talking out loud or singing. You can also breathe into a bag but it might be dangerous at high elevation.

Answer 193

Sinus block can be avoided by not flying with an upper respiratory infection or nasal allergic condition

Answer 194

1.Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs from inhaling carbon monoxide fumes and prevents the body from using the oxygen properly 2.carbon monoxide(co) is a colorless and odorless gas produced by all internal combustion engines. 3. Co prevents hemoglobin in blood from carrying oxygen to the cells, resulting in hypemic hypoxia.

Answer 195

Symptoms- headache, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, loss of muscular power Treatment- take immediate corrective action including turning off the heater, opening fresh air vents and windows, and using supplemental oxygen.

Answer 196

Scuba diving subjects the body to increased pressure, which allows more nitrogen to dissolve into the body’s tissues and fluids. A pilot or passenger who intends to fly should allow the body sufficient time to rid itself of excess nitrogen absorbed during diving 1.if the dive requires a controlled ascent: wait 24 hours 2. If the dive does not require a controlled ascent: 1.wait 12 hours before going to flight altitudes up to 8,000’ 2. Wait 24 hours before going ip to flight altitudes above 8,000’

Answer 197

Altitude-Induced decompression sickness condition that occurs when gas bubbles form in the body due to exposure to low barometric pressures, known as the “bends” Symptoms- localized deep joint pain Treatment- use supplemental oxygen immediately, begin emergency descent, keep affected joint still, seek medical assistance.

Answer 198

A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. Characterized by the use of decision making skills, situational awareness while managing available resources, exercising sound judgement, and executing timely decisions.

Answer 199

Hazard and risk

Answer 200

M- macho- i can do it- taking chances is foolish I- impulsivity- do it quickly- not so fast. Think first R- resignation- whats the use?- i’m not helpless. I can make a difference I- invulnerability- it won’t happen to me- it could happen to you A-antiauthority- don’t tell me- follow the rules, they are usually right.

Answer 201

Use the preflight checklist(imsafe, pave)

Answer 202

P-pilot- am I ok to fly?(imsafe) Are my certificates, ratings current? Am I proficient? A-aircraft-is the aircraft airworthy?(aaviate) do I have the proper documentation?(sparrow) Is it equipped for intended operation?day(atomatoflames)night(flaps) Can it carry intended payload with enough fuel for trip? V- enVironment- weather (Nwkraft) E- external pressures- are my employers or passengers pressuring me to fly?

Answer 203

1. Flaps increase lift and induced drag for any angle of attack 2. Flaps provide a compromise between high cruising speed and low landing speed because they may be extended when needed and retracted when not. 3. Flaps provide greater lift for takeoff and greater drag for landings

Answer 204

An internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.

Answer 205

Amount of fuel the engines receives. Controls the engine’s power output.

Answer 206

Fixed pitch 74 inch seinsnich two blade propeller

Answer 207

adjust the amount of gasoline in the air-fuel mixture to ensure proper combustion. As altitude increases, the density of air entering the carb decreases, while density of fuel remains the same. This creates a progressively richer mixture. Remember: - a lean mixture favors the overheating of the engine and the appearance of detonation phenomena, - a rich mixture leads to high consumption and clogging of the engine, loss of power.

Answer 208

I-illness- am I sick? M-medication- have I take any medication and if so have I checked with the ame? S-stress- am I under any physical or psychological stress? A-alcohol-have I consumed any alcohol within the previous 8 hours?if so, am I under the legal limit which is 0.04 bac F-fatigue- have I had enough rest before this flight? E-eating/emotional- am I hungry? Well hydrated, am I cranky?

Answer 209

I-illness- am I sick? M-medication- have I take any medication and if so have I checked with the ame? S-stress- am I under any physical or psychological stress? A-alcohol-have I consumed any alcohol within the previous 8 hours?if so, am I under the legal limit which is 0.04 bac F-fatigue- have I had enough rest before this flight? E-eating/emotional- am I hungry? Well hydrated, am I cranky?

Answer 210

Checklists provide a standardized method of verifying aircraft configuration and logical sequence for accomplishing tasks inside and outside the cockpit. Checklists aid in memory and help ensure critical items necessary for safety of operation are not overlooked or forgotten in an emergency.

Answer 211

Nwkraft N-notams-read the notams W-weather-check area forecast/current K- known atc delays R-runway lengths A-alternate airports in case of emergency F- fuel- day30m extra, night 45m extra T-takeoff/landing distances required

Answer 212

Safety S-no smoking, seatbelts/shoulder harness fastened for taxi/takeoff/landing A-air vent location, passenger comfort, all environmental controls F-fire extinguisher, location & operation E-exit doors, location & operation Electronic devices in airplane mode. T-traffic, scanning, spotting, notifying pilot Y- your ?s, no dumb ?s

Answer 213

Everyone on board the aircraft must be fastened for taxiing, takeoff, and landing The pic must ensure all passengers and crew are briefed on seatbelt and safety harness(if installed) requirements.

Answer 214

Notice to air missions Time critical aeronautical information that is either temporary or not known in advance to be printed on charts or in publications

Answer 215

Notam(delta)- airport and navigation facilities, runway and taxiway closures, personnel or equipment near or crossing runways, airport lighting, etc. FDC notam-flight data center, amendments to published charts and publications, temporary flight restrictions, satellite-based systems, special notes. International notam- distributed to one or more countries. Published in acao format. Military notams-pertaining to the US armed forces; airports and navigation aids that are part of the national airspace system

Answer 216

1. Runway threshold marking identifies the beginning of the runway that is available for landing 2. Runway threshold markings typically consist of eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimension symmetrically placed about the runway centerline

Answer 217

1. A runway threshold delineates the beginning of the runway that is available for landing 2. A threshold bar is 10 feet wide and extends across the width of the runway

Answer 218

Do a 180 contact fss; Atc cessna 123 i am a non ifr pilot in imc conditions requesting vectors to the nearest vfr airport.

Answer 219

1. A threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway 2. Displacement of a threshold reduces the length of runway available for landings 3.the portion of runway behind a displaced threshold is available for takeoffs in either direction and landings from the opposite direction 4.a ten foot white threshold bar is located across the width of the runway at the displaced threshold. White arrows are located along the centerline in the area between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold.

Answer 220

1.the area is available for taxiing and takeoff but may not be used for landing. 2.white arrows are located along centerline in the area between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold.

Answer 221

1.A runway marking that serves as a visual aiming point for landing aircraft. 2.consists of one broad white stripe on each side of the runway centerline approximately 1,000 feet from the landing threshold.

Answer 222

1.identifies the touchdown zone for landing operations and is coded to provide distance information in 500 foot increments. 2.these markings consists of groups of 1,2,3 rectangular bars symmetrically arranged in pairs about the runway centerline.

Answer 223

Land and hold short operations 1.land and hold short of an intersecting runway, an intersecting taxiway, or some other designated point 2. Lahso is an air traffic control procedure that requires pilot participation to balance the needs for increased airport capacity and system efficiency, consistent with safety. Pilots may accept a lahso clearance provided the pic determines that the aircraft can safely land and stop within the available landing distance. 3. Student pilot or pilots not familiar with lahso should not participate in the program. The pic has the final authority to accept or decline any lahso clearance. Pilots are expected to decline a Lahso clearance if they determine it will compromise safety

Answer 224

Wind angle(heading-wind direction) x wind speed/ground speed=wca Ex:300*@gs90knots 230*@20knot 230-300=70*x20 =1400/90=15*wind correction angle

Answer 225

Any occurrence in the airport, runway environment involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of required separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing, intending to land.

Answer 226

1.who you’re talking to 2.who you are 3.where you are 4.what you want 5.with information (atis)

Answer 227

Taxi onto the runway and await takeoff clearance Used by atc when a takeoff clearance cannot be issued immediately due to traffic or other reasons

Answer 228

Used by atc to give information to aircraft that are not contactable by radio

Answer 229

Steady green On the ground-cleared for takeoff In the air-cleared to land Flashing green Ground-cleared for taxi Air-return for landing Steady red Ground-stop Air-give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing red Ground-taxi clear of active Air-airport unsafe,do not land Alternating green/red Exercise extreme caution Flashing white Ground- return to starting point

Answer 230

1.Remain outside or above controlled airspace until direction and flow of traffic can be determined. 2.if transmitter and/or receiver are inoperable, advise the tower of the aircraft type, position, altitude and intention to land thru radio comm. 3. Enter pattern, report your position as appropriate, and watch for light signals from the tower

Answer 231

1.during daylight hours, atc transmissions may be acknowledged by rocking the wings and at night by blinking the landing light. 2.squawk 7600(lost communications) circle the field, and wait for the light gun signal.

Answer 232

Someone is seriously injured or killed and/or the aircraft receives substantial damage between the time a person boards and disembarks the aircraft.

Answer 233

An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.

Answer 234

1.1aircraft accident 1. Flight control system malfunction or failure 2. Inability of any required flight crew member to perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or illness 3.failure of any internal turbine engine component that results in the escape of debris other than out the exhaust path 4. In flight fire 5.aircraft collision in flight. 6. Damage to property, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed $25,000 for repair(including materials and labor) or fair market value in the event of total loss, whichever is less

Answer 235

1. Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, within 7 days from the date the injury was received. 2. Results in a fracture of any bone(except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose) 3. Causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage 4.involves any internal organ 5. Involves 2nd or 3rd degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5% of body surface

Answer 236

Visual approach slope indicator 1.consists of light units arranged in bars to indicate if a pilot is above or below or below the glide path White over white-too high Red over white- on glide path Red over red- too low

Answer 237

Precision approach path indicator 1.consists of light units arranged in a single bar to indicate if a pilot is above or below the glide path All white- too high Half white half red-on glidepath All red-too low

Answer 238

Omnidirectional taxiway lights are blue in color and outline the edges of the taxiway

Answer 239

Runway edge lights are white. Runway edge lights are used to outline the edges of the runway at night or during low visibility conditions. runway end lights are red. They mark the end of runway.

Answer 240

Runway end identifier lights 1.installed to provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular runway 2. The system consists of a pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold.

Answer 241

1.A rectangular pattern consisting of upwind, crosswind, downwind, base and final legs. 2.Turns are always to the left unless otherwise noted 3. Standard pattern altitude is 1000’ agl

Answer 242

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Answer 243

National transportation safety board

Answer 244

Inquire about services It’s how we talk to someone on the ground

Answer 245

General- see and avoid other aircraft In-distress- An aircraft in distress has the right of way over all other air traffic Converging- when aircraft of the same category are converging the aircraft to the other’s right has the right of way 1. If the aircraft are of different categories, the less maneuverable aircraft always has the right of way over any other category of aircraft Approaching head on- each pilot of each aircraft shall alter their course to the right Overtaking- the aircraft that is being overtaken has the right of way and the pilot performing the overtaking shall alter course to the right to pass Landing- aircraft on final approach to land have the right of way over all other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface.

Answer 246

Heaviest weight it can safely take off

Answer 247

A headwind decreases the required takeoff and landing roll distance A tailwinds increases the required takeoff and landing roll distance

Answer 248

Vx is the best angle of climb. Greatest altitude gain in the shortest horizontal distance. Used during takeoff to clear an obstacle. Vy is the best rate of climb. Greatest altitude gain in the shortest amount of time. Used to reach cruising altitude quickly.

Answer 249

Pilotage - navigation by visual reference to landmarks or checkpoints and dead reckoning- navigation based solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.

Answer 250

Nothernly turning errors-undershoot north overshoot south(unos). when starting a turn from a northernly heading, the compass indications lags behind the turn. When starting a turn from a southerly heading, the compass indication leads the turn Acceleration errors- accelerate north decelerate south(ands)- when accelerating on an east or west heading, the error appears as a turn indication towards north. When decelerating on an east or west heading the error appears as a turn indication to the south.

Answer 251

Vdmona 1.variation 2.deviation 3.magnetic dip 4.oscillation 5.northernly turn errors 6. Acceleration errors

Answer 252

Very high frequency omnidirectional range Vor provides 360 azimuth information in the form of radials expressed in magnetic heading that can be used for navigation

Answer 253

VOR accuracy may be checked by means of a VOR Test Facility (VOT), ground or airborne checkpoints, or by checking dual VORs against each other. A VOT location and frequency can be found in the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) Acceptable accuracy is +-4 degrees for ground checks and +-6 degrees for airborne checks

Answer 254

A dme is distance measuring equipment A dme is a measuring device that uses ground and air components to determine the slant range of an aircraft from point, measured in nautical miles.

Answer 255

Global positioning system A satellite based radio navigation system used to establish position, three satellites are used to triangulate a position, a fourth satellite verifies position.

Answer 256

5cs Climb-better view of surroundings Communicate- contact atc or fss Confess-admit you are lost Comply- do what atc tells you Conserve- conserve fuel

Answer 257

immediately check your engine gauges, apply carburetor heat if applicable, reduce power, and assess the situation to determine the likely cause, such as fuel issues, carburetor icing, or ignition problems, then take appropriate action based on your aircraft's specific procedures and the severity of the roughness; if the issue persists or worsens, declare an emergency and plan for a safe landing at the nearest suitable airport or open field.

Answer 258

If the alternator fail the entire electrical load is placed on the battery The battery will last 30-60 minutes

Answer 259

Without a battery you lose all electronics: 1.gps and radio 2. Lights(position, anti collision, landing, taxi, interior) 3.turn indicator 4.fuel gauges and electrical fuel pump, pressure gauges 5.stall warning 6.pitot heat If battery is lost, the aircraft’s engine will run on magnetos

Answer 260

You lose the gyroscopic instruments: Attitude indicator Heading indicator

Answer 261

A-airspeed-pitch for best glide B-best place to land-utilize headwind to lessen the required land roll distance C-checklist- restart the engine and run through the appropriate emergency checklist if time allows D-declare- squawk 7700 and announce on 121.5 frequency E-evacuate- seatbelt on, open door prepare to evacuate

Answer 262

7500-hijacking 7600- lost communication 7700- emergency

Answer 263

1. Fuel shut off 2.smoothly pitch down to extinguish fire 3.Set mixture and throttle to idle 4 electric fuel pump shut off 5.Turn off master switch and cabin heat 6.close vents, no fire inside Emergency descent abcde checklist

Answer 264

1.keep cranking the engine to get a start which will suck the fire back into the engine 2. If the engine starts, run the engine for a few minutes to suck the flames down, shut down and inspect. 3. If the engine fails to start, close both fuel valves, turn off master switch, evacuate and inspect.

Answer 265

1.Avoid bright lights, use red aviation lights rather than white light, dim all gps screens and cockpit lighting 2.scan the sky left to right in 30 degree sections for 2-3 seconds 3. Look at objects 5-10 degrees off of center to avoid the center blind spot

Answer 266

Towered- ask atc to change intensity Non towered- select unicom radio or designated frequency and rapidly click the radio mic Low-3clicks Medium- 5clicks High-7 clicks

Answer 267

1.establish glide speed 2. Determine cause of engine malfunction, if possible restart the engine. 3.emergency descent close to well lit area.

Answer 268

White and green- civilian land airport White and yellow- civilian seaport Green, white and yellow- heliport White, green and amber- hospital White, white and green- military airport

Answer 269

Air is used to cool the engine by outside air flowing into the engine compartment through openings in front of the engine cowling. Fins on the filter allow a greater surface area to be exposed

Answer 270

Spatial disorientation during flight, caused by a sudden return to level flight following a gradual and prolonged turn that went unnoticed by the pilot. The correction causes the illusion that the aircraft is banking in the opposite direction.

Answer 271

- the illusion of turning or accelerating on a different axis caused by rapid head movement during a constant rate turn

Answer 272

The pilot does not feel the sensation of turning, creating an illusion of being in straight and level flight. Noticing a lack of altitude, the pilot pulls back on the controls in an attempt to climb which tightens the spiral and increases loss of altitude.

Answer 273

Rapid acceleration causes the illusion of the plane being in a nose up atttitude. The pilot pushes the nose down in a dive attitude in attempt to correct.

Answer 274

The quick change from a climb to level flight creates the illusion of tumbling backwards.

Answer 275

An updraft causes the pilot to think the aircraft is in a climb. Pilot reacts by forcing the nose down inducing a dive

Answer 276

Sloping cloud formations or obscured horizons confuse the pilot into misaligning with the horizon

Answer 277

At night, stationary lights may appear to be in motion. Pilot may lose control of aircraft trying to align it with “moving” light

Answer 278

An abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood as a result of excessive rate and depth of respiration Generally caused by panic

Answer 279

1.Hypoxic-lack of oxygen to lungs- altitude 2. Hypemic- lack of oxygen in blood-anemia/co poisoning 3.stagnant- blood is not flowing, or circulation is cut off- circulation 4.histotoxic-cells cannot effectively use oxygen- drug, smoking

Answer 280

1.carburetor ice occurs due to the effect of fuel vaporization and the decrease in air pressure in the venturi, which causes a sharp temperature drop in the carburetor 2. If water vapor in the air condenses when the carburetor temperature is at or below freezing, ice can form on internal surfaces of the carburetor, including the throttle valve. The ice restricts the flow of the fuel- air mixture and reduces power. If enough ice builds up, the engine may cease to operate. 3. The first indication of carb ice is a decrease in engine rpm. Carburetor heat is used to melt and prevent the formation of carb ice.

Answer 281

You’re well studied to pass this exam

Answer 282

Keep up the good work handsome:)

Answer 283

Electrical failure Shut off any non-essential electrical equipment to reduce electrical load. Try to toggle the switches to get power back. If nothing happens I would land as soon as practical.30 minute window

Answer 284

Technically advanced airplane Airplane with a glass cockpit

Answer 285

Standard airworthiness certificates are for manufactured planes. Cessna, piper, cirrus. Experimental Special airworthiness is for kit planes. Special airworthiness is for light sport aircraft.

Answer 286

Airplane specific information for pilot. Ex compass deviation card, co monoxide sensor.

Answer 287

For planes over 12,500 max gross takeoff weight or is powered by turbojet engines

Answer 288

For planes over 12,500 mgtow

Answer 289

Regular-computer generated, weather observation that comes out every hour Speci- weather report that is issued as required when certain meteorological conditions change significantly

Answer 290

Forecast of Winds and temp at a specific altitude. Issued 4xday, valid for 6,12 or 24 hours

Answer 291

Low instrument flight rules(ifr): ceiling less than 500 feet and/or visibility less than 1 mile.

Answer 292

Ceiling 500 to less than 1000 feet and/or visibility 1-less than 3 miles

Answer 293

Marginal visual flight rules(vfr) ceiling 1’000 to 3000 agl feet and or visibility 3-5 miles inclusive

Answer 294

Ceiling greater than 3000 feet and visibility greater than 5 miles, includes sky clear.

Answer 295

Gps- general broad location Waas- more pin point

Answer 296

Pilot proficiency check Passing checkride for another license Faa approved simulator

Answer 297

61.51 will show you how to log flights and grounds inside your logbook -if government official request documents you must show pilot certificate, medical, logbook

Answer 298

61.60-30 days

Answer 299

Do not falsify your logbook

Answer 300

Pilot under basic med must carry logbook w/ certified medical exam checklist and certified course completion

Answer 301

1.Systems 2.characteristics 3.limitations 4.performance 5.procedures

Answer 302

1.fuel 2.electrical 3.hydraulic 4. Flight control 5.landing gear 6.ventilation/heating/pressurization 7.avionics 8.powerplant 9.autoflight system 10.flight instruments 11.warning systems 12.oxygen systems 13.emergency equipment

Answer 303

1.Preflight inspection 2.start 3.taxi 4.pre takeoff 5.takeoff 6.climb 7.cruise 8.descent 9.approach and landing 10.after landing 11.shutdown

Answer 304

These address malfunctions or abnormalities that are not immediately threatening to flight safety

Answer 305

1.engine failure 2.fires 3.loss of pressurization at altitude 4.loss of control system 5.Loss of flight instruments, avionics, or navigation systems determined by the pilot to be critical to flight

Answer 306

1.take off and landing 2.climb 3.cruise 4.descent 5.glide

Answer 307

1.weight limits 2.forw and aft cg limits 3.v speeds 4.kinds of operation 5. Crosswind limitations 6.landing surface limitations

Answer 308

Airworthiness certificate has to be visible in the plane, passengers should be able to see the certificate easily. Certificate cannot be stuffed in the baggage compartment or out of sight.

Answer 309

Everything inside plane has to be included in weight and balance(w&b associated with poh) more than 1 pound of weight change will constitute for new w&b

Answer 310

Its not quite and a.d and not regulatory meant to Alert and educate on different makes and models of planes

Answer 311

1.Repairs 2.deliver/export 3.testing new aircraft 4.evacuation 5.demo 6.excess weight

Answer 312

21.199we can obtain special flight permit 3ways 1st dars (when member of faa meets you in person with the plane)designated airworthiness representative 2nd awc tool(faa preferred method) 3rd paper form(old school)

Answer 313

1.purpose 2.proposed itinerary 3.crew required 4.conditions 5.restrictions

Answer 314

1.pilot in command of aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to the operation of that aircraft. 2. In an in flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule in this part to the extent required to meet that emergency. 3. Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph b of this section shall, upon request of the administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the administrator

Answer 315

Koel- list equipment needed for flight Cel-lists all equipment and gives you required equipment

Answer 316

91.213b mel cannot include tcds/ stc/ ads/ anything from part 91 Mel+loa(letter of authorization)= supplemental type certificate(used to authorize modifications to a plane)

Answer 317

1.Aviation digital data service(adds) 2.automated surface observing system(asos) 3.automated terminal information service(atis) 4.automated weather observing system(awos) 5.center weather advisory(cwa) 6.flight service station(fss) 7.hazardous in flight weather advisory(hiwas) 8.low level wind shear alert system(llwas) 9.national oceanic and atmospheric association(noaa) 10.national weather service(nws) 11.telephone information broadcast(tibs) 12.transcribed weather broadcast(tweb)

Answer 318

Current and forecast supplemental weather Issued as required, valid 2 hrs

Answer 319

A graphic of observed radar weather reports, showing current precipitation such as type, intensity, coverage, direction of movement etc issued 15 minutes past each hour

Answer 320

contemporary observation of , temperature, temperature dew point spread, winds, pressure information. Issued twice daily, valid 12 hours

Answer 321

Twice daily, valid 12 hours, current, precipitation and water, freezing levels, humidity

Answer 322

4x daily, 12or24 hours validity, forecast, pressure, fronts, precipitation, vfr, mvfr, ifr, conditions, turbulence, freezing levels

Answer 323

National forecast of thunderstorms Day1:5times,day2:2times,day3:1time, validity varies

Answer 324

21%oxygen 78%nitrogen 1%other

Answer 325

Stable-resist any upward or downward displacement Non stable atmosphere- allow upward and downward disturbances to develop into a vertical or convective current

Answer 326

Changes in pressure

Answer 327

Lighter(less dense) expands and rises

Answer 328

Denser and is pulled down

Answer 329

Pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, friction

Answer 330

High to low pressure carrying winds

Answer 331

D- decision maker- Detect that the action necessary E- decision maker- Estimate the significance of the action C- decision maker- Choose a desirable outcome I- decision maker- Identify actions needed in order to achieve the chosen option D- decision maker- Do the necessary action to achieve change E- decision maker- Evaluate the effects of the action

Answer 332

Day=1sm vis 1,000 above 500 below 2,000 horizontal Night basic vfr mins3152

Answer 333

Entry, incipient(1 1/2 to 3 turn to incipient), fully developed, recovery where you employ pare

Answer 334

Area forecast(fa), regardless of source used it’s recommended to contact fss for most accurate up to date weather info. Also check pireps.

Answer 335

Situational awareness, vestibular system(biological gyroscopic), somatosensory(nervous system), visual system

Answer 336

Roll, longitudinal movement, lateral stability

Answer 337

Pitch, lateral movement, longitudinal stability

Answer 338

Yaw, vertical movement, directional stability

Answer 339

Iceflags Inversion Coriolis Elevator False horizon Leans Autokenesis Graveyard spiral Graveyard spin Somatographic

Answer 340

Hard to detect, heaviest

Answer 341

Mcprawnt Moa-military operations Cfa-controlled firing Prohibited Restricted Alert Warning Nsa- national security Tfrs

Answer 342

Turbulence, wind shear, lightning, heavy precipitation, hail, icing. These conditions can be devastating for aircraft, with the potential to cause structural damage or loss of control. Avoid flying within 20 miles of a storm. No matter what the size they can grow rapidly and hail(only takes 5 seconds to cause some serious damage to the nose or fuselage)

Answer 343

Lcgumps Lights(including ctaf activated runway lights for night flight) Carb heat Gas Undercarriage Mixture fully rich Propeller set and fuel pump on Switches/ seatbelts are secure

Answer 344

Lcgumps Lights(including ctaf activated runway lights for night flight) Carb heat Gas Undercarriage Mixture fully rich Propeller and fuel pump Switches, seatbelts and secure

Answer 345

Moderate turbulence, Reduced visibility, Moderate icing, Winds of 30+ knots Valid for 6 hours

Answer 346

Severe turbulence & icing, dust storms, sand storms, volcanic ash Valid 4 hours 6 for hurricanes

Answer 347

Thunderstorm related hazards, Surface winds of 50+ knots, bigger than 3/4 of an inch hail, line of thunderstorms, embedded thunderstorms Due to rapid development they are valid for 2 hours

Answer 348

Plan- nwkraft plane-airworthy? documentation? pilot- i’m safe? Current? Proficient?passenger-fit to fly? Are they comfortable? Anxious? Entoxicated? programming-proficiency in avionics. Gps updated?

Answer 349

Issued for airspace, procedures and regulations Changes to air traffic service routes Changes to instrument flight procedures Airspace changes Temporary flight restrictions Disaster or hazard areas Aerial demonstrations Hijacking Flight restrictions near the President

Answer 350

Very high frequency omnidirectional range/tactical air navigation

Answer 351

Indicated altitude- reading off altimeter Pressure altitude-above standard datum Density altitude- nonstndrd temp/pr True altitude- above mean sea level Absolute altitude -above ground level Transition altitude-amsl where switch to standard and use flight levels Transition level- reverse ta

Answer 352

Indicated airspeed-static+dynamic pressure, Un corrected Calibrated airspeed- ias corrected for installation and position errors. True airspeed- cas corrected for pressure and non standard temperature Ground speed- actual speed of aircraft over ground. tas +wind

Answer 353

Clearing turns Reference point/hdg Altitude Airspeed Communicate( let traffic freq know what your doing) Explain it(maneuver setup and standards) Do it

Answer 354

Basically electrical generator that takes kinetic energy produced from rotation of crankshaft and transforms it into electrical energy thru magnets and coils for use by spark plugs

Answer 355

To give vfr pilots more time to see and avoid faster moving aircraft that are popping in and out of the clouds like banshee.

Answer 356

If you ask for and receive radar services from tracon you must comply with heading and altitude assigned or cancel however vfr participation is optional.

Answer 357

1.air density(density altitude) 2.surface winds 3.runway surface 4. Upslope or downslope of runway 5. Weight

Answer 358

Time six minutes as it is .10 of an hour then add a zero(multiply by 10) to the total nautical miles traveled in 6 mins.

Answer 359

Time distance (nm) traveled over 6 minutes and add a zero as it is .10 of an hour.

Answer 360

Angle formed by longitudinal axis and chord of the wing.

Answer 361

Angle between chord line and the direction of relative wind.

Answer 362

Use the formula;square root of (current aircraft weight/ mgtow)x published va. Ex:mgtow:3000published va:100knts current weight:2500 Calculation:square root of(2,500/3,000):.91x100:91 As weight goes down maneuvering speed goes lowers

Answer 363

Action depends on circumstances. 1. If sufficient runway remains land straight ahead. 2. If insufficient runway remains, maintain a safe airspeed and make only a shallow turn if necessary to avoid obstructions. Flaps as necessary. 3. If you have gained sufficient altitude :attempt restart: vg 73 knots SWITCH Tanks, EFP -ON, MIXTURE-full rich& carb heat on.

Answer 364

Electrical Fire (smoke in the cabin) Master Switch.....off Electrical Equipment.off Vents...open Cabin Heat..off Communicate... ..Squawk 7700/Declare Land as soon as practicable.

General Flashcards

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