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neuroscience > general > Flashcards

general Flashcards

1
Q

the spinal cord is composed of

A

cervical cord
thoracic cord
lumbar cord
sacral cord
coccygeal region

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2
Q

what three parts form the brain

A

brain stem
cerebellum
cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

which parts composed the brain stem

A

medulla
pons
midbrain

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4
Q

name the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

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5
Q

the right side of the brain corresponds to which side of the body: right or left

A

left

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6
Q

the left side of the brain corresponds to which side of the body: right or left

A

right

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7
Q

define synaptic transmission

A

mechanism of transferring signals from one cell to another

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8
Q

types of synaptic transmission

A

electrical transmission
chemical transmission

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9
Q

where does electrical transmission happen? how are the hemichannels called?

A
  • at gap junctions
  • connexon
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10
Q

main difference between electrical and chemical transmission

A

in chemical transmission, there is no continuity between the cytoplasm if the cells.

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11
Q

what are synaptic clefts

A

fluid-filled gaps in the chemical transmission

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12
Q

what are their presynaptic terminal there are molecules with specific chemical substances called?

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Synaptotagmins
C) Vesicle proteins
D) Ion channels

A

A) Neurotransmitters

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13
Q

name the different types of memory and main characteristic

A
  • explicit: declarative memory (conscious and intentional) (easy to form and easy to forget)
  • implicit: non-declarative memory (unconscious and automatic) (requires practice but last a long period
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14
Q

define the two main types of explicit memory

A
  • semantic: facts and general knowledge
  • episodic: life experiences and events
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15
Q

define types of implicit memory

A
  • procedural: habits, behaviour and skills
  • motor: coordination
  • emotional: classic behaviour
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16
Q

where is the semantic memory stored

A) Prefrontal cortex
B) Temporal lobe
C) Basal ganglia
D) Hippocampus
E) Neocortex

A

D) Hippocampus

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17
Q

where is the episodic memory stored

A) Temporal lobe
B) Hippocampus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Striatum
E) Neocortex

A

B) Hippocampus

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18
Q

where is the procedural memory stored

A) Motor cortex
B) Hippocampus
C) Striatum
D) Prefrontal cortex
E) Cerebellum

A

C) Striatum

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19
Q

where is the motor memory stored

A) Motor cortex
B) Basal ganglia
C) Striatum
D) Prefrontal cortex
E) Cerebellum

A

E) Cerebellum

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20
Q

where is the emotional memory stored

A) Limbic system
B) Hippocampus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Insular cortex

A

A) Limbic system

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21
Q

which the stage model of memory formation

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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22
Q

what happens during encoding

A
  • sensory information into neuronal activity
  • perception (different sense steams into one)
  • attention
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23
Q

main things that the hippocampus does

A) Regulates emotional responses and fear conditioning.
B) Controls voluntary movements and coordination.
C) Forms declarative memory and tells you where you are in space.
D) Processes visual information and object recognition.

A

C) Forms declarative memory and tells you where you are in space.

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24
Q

what the pathway of coordination of movement

A

cerebral motor cortex > cerebellum > spinal cord > muscle

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25
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A) Coordinates motor movements ensuring their accuracy, precision and timing
B) Processes visual information and object recognition.
C) Regulates emotional responses and fear conditioning.
D) Controls voluntary movements and coordination.

A

A) Coordinates motor movements ensuring their accuracy, precision and timing

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26
Q

define retrieval

A

process of accessing and bringing information stored in the memory into conscious awareness

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27
Q

define memory consolidation

A

process of turning short-term memory into long-term memory

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28
Q

define sensory processing

A

process of turning sensory information into neuronal activity

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29
Q

continue the sense processing pathway followed in the visual system:
photon > sensory receptors (rods and cones) > firing action potential …

A) optic chiasm > optic nerve > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex
B) optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > optic nerve > primary visual cortex
C) optic nerve > optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex

A

photon > sensory receptors (rods and cones) > firing action potential > optic nerve > optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex

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30
Q

where are the lateral geniculate nucleus at

A) Thalamus
B) Midbrain
C) Hypothalamus
D) Medulla oblongata

A

A) Thalamus

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31
Q

temporal hemiretina is located in the interior or the exterior of the retina?

A

exterior

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32
Q

what happens at the optic chiasm?

A) axons from temporal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from nasal retina remain uncrossed
B) axons from nasal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from temporal retina remain uncrossed

A

B) axons from nasal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from temporal retina remain uncrossed

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33
Q

hey does the brain predicts a view of the world?

A

based on prior knowledge

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34
Q

what is consciousness?

A) The state of being aware of and able to perceive one’s surroundings.
B) The ability to process information and make decisions.
C) A biological process involving neuronal activity in the brain.
D) The integration of sensory perceptions, thoughts, and emotions.
E) Brain’s best guess of the world

A

E) Brain’s best guess of the world

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35
Q

what is pareidolia?

A) A neurological condition affecting visual perception.
B) A form of cognitive bias related to memory recall.
C) The tendency to meaningful patterns in objects
D) The process of recognizing faces in inanimate objects or patterns.
E) An optical illusion caused by the brain’s interpretation of visual stimuli.

A

C) The tendency to meaningful patterns in objects

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36
Q

where is the fusiform face area (FFA) located?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Occipital lobe

A

C) Temporal lobe

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37
Q

name 3 sensory receptors

A

thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors

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38
Q

describe the general principle of sensory pathways

A

sensory information > action potentials > spinal cord > spinothalamic tract > thalamus > cortex

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39
Q

Adaptation produces the inverse effect: true or false

A

true. for example in the “visual aftereffect”

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40
Q

which one is the correct definition of “visual aftereffect”?

A

systematic change in perception of a visual stimulus after adaptation to a previous stimulus. e.g. adapted to light, you first ‘see’ dark

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41
Q

what adaptation prevenents?

A) Sensory deprivation
B) Sensory adaptation
C) Sensory overload

A

C) Sensory overload

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42
Q

what’s the function of sensory receptors?

A

turn external information into electrical signals

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43
Q

olfactory pathway does through the thalamus : true or false

A

false

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44
Q

visual pathway goes through the thalamus: true or false

A

true

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45
Q

what is the olfactory system connected to?

A) hippocampus
B) limbic system
C) motor cortex
D) cerebellum

A

B) limbic system

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46
Q

thalamus is a sensory………..

A) stimulus
B) cortex
C) gatekeeper
D) receptor

A

C) gatekeeper

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47
Q

cortical association areas generate their own…

A) Signals
B) Codes
C) Patterns
D) Impressions

A

B) codes

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48
Q

what’s the difference between cortex and lobe?

A

cortex is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres and lobes are the major divisions of the cortex

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49
Q

the cerebral cortex is form of…

A) Muscle tissue
B) Endocrine tissue
C) Neural tissue
D) Epithelial tissue
E) Connective tissue

A

C) Neural tissue

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50
Q

which ones are the higher cognitive functions of the cortex?

A

perception, memory, language and consciousness

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51
Q

pair the lobe with its correct function:

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

a) process sensory information, spatial awareness, attention
b) dedicated to visual processing and interpretation
c) responsible for auditory perception, language comprehension, memory formation
d) reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, voluntary movement

A

A & d) frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, problem-solving, decision making and voluntary movement
B & a) parietal lobe is involved in processing sensory information, spatial awareness, attention
C & c) temporal cortex is responsible for auditory perception, language comprehension, memory formation
D & b) occipital lobe is dedicated to visual processing and intepretation

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52
Q

hemisphere son the brain communicate with each other though the…

A

white matter tracks

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53
Q

gyrus is the:
A) the grove
b) top part of the curve

A

B) top part of the curve

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54
Q

gyrus is the:
a) top part of the curve
b) the groove

A

B) the groove

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55
Q

MAIN SULCUS is the sulcus that separates:

A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) frontal from temporal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex

A

A) frontal from parietal cortex

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56
Q

INSULA is the sulcus that separates:

A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) temporal from frontal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex

A

B) temporal from frontal c

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57
Q

SYLVIAN FISSURE/LATERAL SULCUS is the sulcus that separates:

A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) frontal from temporal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex

A

E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex

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58
Q

insula allow us to experience

A) anger
B) frustration
C) exhaustion
D) fear
E) disgust
F) sadness
G) fatigue

A

E) disgust

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59
Q

how many Brodmann areas do we have?

A) 37
B) 14
C) 52
D) 56
E) 23
F) 65

A

C) 52

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60
Q

what does AP5 does?

A) protects parietal lobe from strokes
B) increases sensory power
C) blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
D) mitigates ca2+ ions

A

C) blocks NMDA glutamate receptors

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61
Q

language is the result of just one or many cortical area (s) ?

A

langiage is the result of many cortical areas working together

temporal cortex (what was said) & frontal cortex (what & how to say it)

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62
Q

speech problem downstream the cortex is called….

a) aphasia
b) epilepsy
c) autism
d) dysarthia
e) schizophrenia

A

d) dysarthia

difficulty in mvoing the muscles of the face and the tongue

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63
Q

speech problem where they have difficulty in naming objects or repeat words is called….

a) aphasia
b) epilepsy
c) autism
d) dysarthia
e) schizophrenia

A

a) aphasia

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64
Q

which Brodmann area is related to speech (2):

A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42

A

22, 44, 45

22 (Wernicke’s area) // 44, 45 (Broca’s Area)

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65
Q

which Brodmann area is related to Wernicke’s Area:

A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42

A

A) 22

temporal cortex

66
Q

which Brodmann area is related to Broca’s Area:

A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42

A

C) 44, 45

frontal cortex

67
Q

group these characteristic into Werncicke’s or Broca’s Aphasia:

  • temporal cortex
  • disorder syntax
  • disorder grammar
  • fluent speech
  • inappropiate speech
  • called sensory or receptive aphasia
  • understand language
  • cannot construct their own sentences
  • repetitive
  • makes no sense
  • called motor, expressive, or production aphasia
  • adecuate grammar
  • little repetition
  • disordered structures
  • frontal cortex
  • unable to understand language
  • adecuate syntax
A

**Wernicke’s aphasia: **
* temporal cortex
* unable to understand language
* fluent but innapropiate speech
* makes no sense
* little repetition
* adecuate grammar
* adecuate syntax
* called sensory or receptive aphasia

**Broca’s Aphasia: **
* frontal cortex
* understand language
* cannot construct their own sentences
* repetitive
* disorder syntax
* disorder grammar
* disordered structures
* called motor, expressive, or production aphasia

temporal “understand what is said” / frontal “what we wanna said”

68
Q

which fibbers connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s one:

A) superior longitudinal fasciuilum
B) corona-radita
C) corpus callosum
D) arcuate Fascicullum
E) corticospinal (motor) tract

A

D) arcuate Fascicullum

69
Q

match each part of the brain with each function:

A) cortical association area
B) parahippocampal cortex and rhinal cortices
C) hippocampus
D) fornix
E) thalamus

a) integrates the sensory infromation into memory traces and encodes new memories
b) surround the hippocampus and involve in the inital processing and integration of sensory information
c) integrate and analyze the sensory information
d) responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
e) fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions

A

**cortical association areas: **integrate and analyse sensory information
parahippocampal cortex and rhinal cortices: surrpund the hippocampus and involve the inital processing and integration fo sensory information
hippocampus: integrates sensory information and encodes new memories
fornix: fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions
thalamus: responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex

70
Q

… is responsible for further analysis and processing of taste signals after they have been relayed from the primary gustatory cortex:

A) Primary somatosensory cortex
B) Hippocampus
C) Secondary gustatory cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex

A

C) Secondary gustatory cortex

helps in identifying and distinguishing different taste qualities

71
Q
A
72
Q

name th two types of spatial reprepsentation

A
  • allocentric (map of environment)
  • egocentric (where i am in the environment)
73
Q

classify the charactetristic in the different types of spatial representations:
* me-to-object
* map of the environment
* posterior parietal cortex
* object-to-object
* prefrontal cortex
* hippocampus
* where i am in the environment

A

allocentric
* map of the environment
* object-to-toject
* hippocampus

egocentric:
* where i am in the enviroment
* me-to-object
* posterior parietal cortex + prefrontal cortex

74
Q

match each anvegation neuron with its characteristic
A) place cells
B) head position cells
C) border cells
D) Rewards-place cells

  • subicullum
  • pyramidal neurons in the hyppocampus
  • activated by barriers
  • activated in allocentric environments
  • orientated towards a specific direction
  • learn about reward in a particular place
  • hippocampus
  • encode a ‘place field’
A

place cells
* pyramidal cells in the hypocampus
* activated by allocentric environments
* encode a place field

head position cells
* orientated towards a specific direction
* subicullum

border cells
* activated by barriers

rewards-place cells
* learn about rewards in a particular place
* hippocampus

75
Q

medial termporal lobe and temporal cortex tell you where you are and where is that thing: true or false

A

false.

medial termporal lobe and temporal cortex tell you what is that thing

76
Q

what does hippocampus tell you about a thing in terms of location

A

where it is in the environment

77
Q

tasks involving language processing and verbal reasoning activate the right prefrotnal cortex: true or false

A

False
- tasks involving language processing and verbal reasoning tend to activate the left prefrontal cortex
- tasks involving spatial reasoning and visual processing tend to activate the right prefrontal cortex

78
Q

match each term with its definition of pavlonian classical conditioning:
a) unconditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned response
c) neutral stimulus
d) conditioned stimulus
e) conditioned response

  • stimulus that initially doesnt elicit any response
  • learned response to a conditioned stimulus
  • stimulus that natural triggers a response
  • automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
  • neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus and triggers a response
A
  • unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that natural triggers a reponse
  • unconditioned response: automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
  • neutral stimulus: stimulus that initially doesnt elicit any reponse
  • conditioned stimulus: neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and triggers a response
  • conditioned response: learned response to the conditioned stimulus
79
Q

define extinction classical conditioning

A

gradual weakening and dissaperance of conditioning response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatdlt presented without the condioned stimulus

80
Q

PTSD happens when…

A

forgetting process goes wrong

81
Q

choose which are the symptoms of PTSD:

  1. Personality change
  2. Hyperarousal
  3. Confabulation
  4. Expressive aphasia
  5. Hypervigilance
  6. Anterogade amnesia
  7. Sleep disturbances
  8. Emotional numbling
  9. Inability to focus on a task
  10. Dysmetria
  11. Avoidance
  12. Difficulty to complete a task
A
  • hyperarousal
  • hypervigilance
  • emotional numbling
  • avoidance
82
Q

which part is hyperactive, hypoactive or smaller in PTSD:
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- prefrontal cortex

A
  • amygdala: hyperactive
  • hippocampus: smaller
  • prefrontal cortex: hypoactive and smaller
83
Q

which two drugs are use to treat alzehimer’s disease:
endomorphins
memantine (Ebixa)
methylphenidate
SSRI
fluoxetine
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

SSRI

reduce physiological expression of anxiety

84
Q

what’s the name of the therapry to treat PTSD?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

85
Q

what is dopamine allows you to :
- modulate the activity of neural circuits by influencing the firing patterns of neurons and the strength of synaptic connections
- learn about what’s good and regulate mood, emotion, and motivation.
- transmit signals related to pain sensation, while others, such as endorphins and enkephalins, modulate the perception of pain and contribute to pain relief
- regulate the sleep-wake cycle and promote transitions between different stages of sleep and wakefulness.

A

dopamine is critical to learn what’s gppd and regualteing mood, emotion and motivation

86
Q

dopaminergic system is found at the …
- frontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral midbrain
- occipital cortex
- temporal cortex

A

ventral midbrain

87
Q

is movement controlled by dopamine: true or false

A

true

the dopaminergic circuit at substantia nigra controls movement

88
Q

name the three dopamineric pathways

A
  • nigrostrial pathway
  • mesolimbic pathway
  • mesocortical pathway
89
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway projects to…
- ventral striatum
- prefrontal cortex
- temporal cortex
- dorsal striatum

A

ventral striatum

90
Q

where are the dopamine cells bodies located at the beginning before being released

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

91
Q

in which part is the dopamine released

A

nucleus accumbens

92
Q

dopamine si described as..

A

the chemical that makes you feel good

love chemical, pleasure chemical, reward chemical…

93
Q

dopamine just monitors good things: true or false

A

false

when something makes you unhappy, truns down the firing rate

94
Q

dopamine acts as
- electrical signal
- chemical signal
- learning signal
- fear signal
- warning signal
- mechanical signal

A

learning signal

95
Q

what activate dopamine neurons

A

peptide neuromodulators

96
Q

which are the main peptide neuromodulators
- acetylcholine
- strogen
- glutamate
- endorphins
- serotonin
- insulin
- enkephalis
- oxytocin
- dynorphins
- interferons
- interlukins

A

endorphins
enkephalis
dynorphins

97
Q

match each characteristic with its correct neuromodulator:
A) GABAerig neurons
B) OPIOIDergic neurons

  • increases firing rate of dopamine
  • neuromodualtors
  • activated by good things
  • within ventral tegmental area
  • releases OPIOID endorphins
  • binds into presynaptic terminasl of GABAergic neurons
  • inhibitory neurotransmittor
  • releases GABA onto dopamine neuron
  • shuts down firing
  • shuts down GABAergic neurons
A

GABAergic neurons
- within ventral tegmental area
- inhibitory neurotransmittor
- releases GABA onto dopamine neuron
- shuts firing down

OPIOIDergic neurons
- increases firing rate of dopamine
- neuromodulators
- activated by good things
- releases OPIOD endorphins
- binds to presynaptic terminal of GABAergic neurons
- shuts down GABAergic neurons

98
Q

Endogenous OPIOIDS are peptide neuromodulators: true or false

A

true

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

99
Q

impulse happens within the
- prefrontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral tegmental area
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- lymbic system

A

ventral tegmental area

when signal are received travel to the VTA and generate dopamine

100
Q

control is exerted at the…
- prefrontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral tegmental area
- temporal lobe
- parietal love
- lymbic system

A

prefrontal cortex

control voer impulses pathway involve glutamatergic projections

101
Q

pair each memory with its characteristics:
a) short-term memory
b) working memory
c) long-term memoring

  • turns working memory into permanent
  • holds actions for a few mins to complete a task
  • starts with encoding
  • storage
  • application of attention
  • very limited capapcity/overwhelmed easily
  • sensory processing
  • found at prefrontal cortex
  • huge capacity
  • fundamentla role in learning
  • dorsolateral area
A

a) short-term memory
- starts with encoding
- sensory processing

b) working memory
- holds actions for few mins to complete a task
- application of attention
- very limited capacity/ overwhelmed easily
- found at prefrontal cortex
- dorsolateral area
- fundamental role in learning

c) long-term memoring
- turns working memory into permanent
- huge capacity
- storage

102
Q

working memory is improved by using…
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

methylphenidate

103
Q

which test is perform to test cognitive function :

  • Matrix Reasoning Test
  • Digit-symbol coding test
  • Digit Span Forward Task
  • False belief test
  • Stroop task
  • Spatial Span Forward
  • N-Back Task
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task
A
  • Digit Span Forward Task
  • Spatial Span Forward
  • N-Back Task
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task
104
Q

match each test with the cognitive function it test for:
a) Digit-symbol coding test
b) N-Back Task
c) Letter-Number Sequencing Task

  • monitor auditory
  • verbal maintenance
  • manipulation of verbal working memory
  • monitor olfatory
  • suditory maintenance
  • monitor verbal and auditory
  • monitor spatial
A

Digit Span Forward Task
- verbal maintenance
- auditory maintenance

N-back Task
- monitor verbal and auditory
- monitor auditory
- monitor olfatory
- monitor spatial

Letter-number sequencing Task
- manipulation of verbal working memory

105
Q

ADHD is caused because of problems with…
- long term memory
- working memory
- encoding
- retrieval
- temporal lobe
- cerebellum

A

working memory

106
Q

what does IQ test measures

A

intelligence

107
Q

which 4 cognitive domains does IQ asses?

A
  • verbal comprenhension
  • woeking memory
  • perceptutal reasoning
  • processing speed
108
Q

higher yoy IQ score is, more likely you are to die earlier: true or false

A

false. “higher your IQ is, longer you are likely to live”

lower your IQ is, more likely you are to die earlier

109
Q

what does IQ scores predict.

mention at least examples

A

life success:
- performances in assessments at school
- income ($)
- likelihood of commiting a crime

110
Q

IQ can measure emotional intelligence, happiness and long-term memory: true or false

A

false

111
Q

intelligence is in a region of the brain: true or false

A

false.

intelligence is more likely to be networks of the brain

112
Q

match the g factor and s factor os Spearmans ‘g’ mode with their correct characteristics:
- learned
- general intelligence
- you are born with them
- the more you practice them the better they get
- abilities that are inculcated in you from your environment
- skills specific/particular to certain tasks or domains
- overall mental ability that influences your performance on various intellectual tasks

A

g factor:
- general intelligence
- you are born with them
- overall mental ability that influences your performance on various intellectual tasks

s factor:
- learned the more you practice them the better they get
- abilities inculcated in you from your environment
- skills specific/particular to certain tasks or domains

113
Q

which test is perform to test selective attention :

  • Matrix Reasoning Test
  • Digit-symbol coding test
  • Digit Span Forward Task
  • False belief test
  • Stroop task
  • Spatial Span Forward
  • N-Back Task
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task
A

stroop task

113
Q

match the different g theories with their correct deffinition:
a) parietal-frontal integration theory
b) multiple demand theory
c) process overlap theory
d) network neuroscience theory

  • intelligence is related to the ability to adapt and switch between different cognitive tasks or demands
  • intelligence arise from the integration of two major brain regions: parietal lobes and frontal lobes
  • intelligence is not localized in a specific brain region, instead it emerges drom the dynamic interactions and connectivity patterns within brain networks
  • certain brain regions or networks are involve in multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously
A

a) parietal-frontal integration theory: intelligence arise from the integration of two major brain regions: parietal lobes and frontal lobes
b) multiple demand theory: intelligence is related to the ability to adapt and switch between different cognitive tasks or demands
c) process overlap theory: certain brain regions or networks are involve in multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously
d) network neuroscience theory: intelligence is not localized in a specific brain region, instead it emerges drom the dynamic interactions and connectivity patterns within brain networks

114
Q

define selective attention

A

ability to focus on a specific object, location, message or other stimulud

at the pulvinar nuclei in thalamus

115
Q

what system is important for attention:
- Ventricular System
- Brain Cholinergic system
- Limbic System
- Noradrenaline system
- Dopaminergic System

A

Noradrenaline system

116
Q

what chemical increases attention:
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine

A

methylphenidate
cocaine

117
Q

classify each characteristic in each attention system:
a) alerting system
b) orientating system
c) excutive attention

  • fronto-parietal network: task switching and initiation
  • activated by warnings
  • attention to sensory location or modality
  • tested by measuring vigilance
  • cinguloopercular network: maintenance
  • also noradrenaline system (locus coerleus)
  • watching tv, navigating traffic…
  • temporo-parietal juntion: breaks attention on old thing
  • subcortical
  • manage info. in the short-term memory
  • recruits autonomic nervous system
  • focal attention (concentration)
  • pulvinar nucleus of thalamus does the inital filtering
  • attents to danger/safety
  • top-down control: block potentially distracting information from the focus of attention
  • ventral frontal cortex: signals new thing to attent
A

a) alerting system
- subcortical
- attents to danger/safety
- activated by warnings
- tested by measuring vigilance
- recruits autonomic nervous system
- also noradrenaline system (locus coerleus)

b) orientating system
- attention to sensory location or modality
· watching tv, navigatign traffic…
- temporo-parietal juntion: breaks attention to old thing
- ventral frontal cortex: signalas new things to attend
- pulvinar nucleus of thalamus does the inital filtering

c) excutive attention
- focal attention (concentration)
- top-dpown control: block potentiaslly distracting ingotmation from the focus of attention
- fronto-parietal network: task switching and initiation
- cinguloopercular netwoek: maintenance
- manage information in the short-term memory

118
Q

left hemisphere is domaninant for attending sensory stimuli: true or false

A

false

right hemisphere is domaninant for attending sensory stimuli

119
Q

cognitive load theory prioritazes the….. bottleneck
- prefrontal cortex
- retrieval
- cerebellum
- longterm memory
- ventral tegmental area
- working memory
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- short-term memoring
- encoding
- lymbic system

A

cognitive load theory prioritazes the working memory bottleneck

120
Q

march its temr with its deffintion and explain how has to be a good instructional design:
a) intrinsic
b) germane
c) extraneous

  • any work that working memory is doing that is irrelevant, distracting
  • amount of work that working memory is doing, dedicated to focus on learning
  • how difficult a piece of learning is
A

a) intrinsic: how difficult a piece of learning is
b) germane: amount of work that working memory is doing, dedicated to focus on learning: MAXIMISE
c) extraneous: any work that working memory is doing that is irrelevant, distracting: MINIMISE

121
Q

what are seductive details:

A

interesting but irrelevant adjunts that imapire learning

source of extraneous cognitive load

122
Q

is split attention beneficial for learners?

A

no.
- as learner has to split their attention between 2 mutually dependent sources of information (separated spatially or temporally), information of each source needs to be mentally integrated by the learner to understand the topic
- this forces inegration process demands on the learners working memory, therefore impacting negatively on learning

123
Q

working memory have a huge capacity: true or false

A

false

working memory has a very limited capacity

124
Q

what happens at the resting state of the brain?

A

THERE IS NO RESTING STATE

the brain NEVER switches off, if it fors, we will be dead

125
Q

process of reflecting on the past, planning the future is call, come up with new ideas is called…

A

daydreaming

126
Q

what’s the default mode network

A

a set of regions (medial cortical regions: frontal, temporal and parietal) that come more active when we are not focussing on a task

‘‘resting state’’

127
Q

medial cortical regions (frontal, temporal and parietal) are reponsible for:
- retrieval
- working memory
- daydreaming
- attention
- self-referential
- sleeping
- encoding
- creativity
- concentration

A

daydreaming, self-referential, creativity

128
Q

which region inhibit the medial cortical regions (default mode network? why it does that?

A

lateral prefrontal regions inhibit default mode network when engaged in a task.
shuts it down to concentrate

129
Q

inhibittion od medial cortical regons by lateral prefrotnal cortex never is always the same: true or false

A

false

it weakens with aging

130
Q

concentration is impaired in…
- fatal familia insomnia
- paraedolia
- hemineglect
- agnosia
- frontotemporal dememntial
- ataxia
- primary progressive aphasia
- post traumatic stress disorder

A

frontotemporal dementia
primary progressive aphasia

131
Q

choose which are the symptoms of frontotemporal dementia:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- can’t process and perceive stimuli
- aphaty
- loss spontaneity
- trouble handling money
- lost of empathy
- can’t create new memories
- loossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- getting lost
- verbal language impairment

A
  • progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
  • aphaty
  • lsot of emphaty
  • decline excesutive function
  • verbal language impariment
132
Q

why person with frontotemporal dementia are daydreaming more often

A

because theire frontal cortex is degraded, so they cannot longer put a break on teh deault mode networkx

133
Q

which chemicals are anaesthetics?
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* propofol
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* dietyl ether
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine

A

propofol
diethyl ether

propofol acts through GABA receptors

134
Q

what does anaesthetics do to people? and how?

A
  • make them unconscious
  • not known exactly, but is mainly attributed to interactions with neuronal membranes and ion channels
135
Q

what happens during epilepsy in the brain?

A

there is an abnormal firing of large group of neurons at the same time within a particular site in the brain

136
Q

match each characteristic with the correct form of temporal lobe epilepsy:
a) partial seizure
b) complex partial seizure
c) secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures

  • extends beyond temporal lobe
  • impaired conciousness
  • experience auras around people
  • full blown seizure
  • unusual behaviours
  • become very emotional
  • when firing spreads
  • no loss of conciousnesss
  • thing become weird
  • automatisms
  • deja vu
A

a) partial seizure
- no loss of conciousness
- expereiences auras
- becomes very emotional
- deja vu

b) complex partial seizure
- when firing spreads
- impaired conciousness
- unusual behaviours
- automatism

c) secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- extend beyond temporal lobe
- full blown seizure

137
Q

choose which are the symptoms of temporla lobe epilepsy:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- can’t process and perceive stimuli
- hype-religiosity
- aphaty
- emotional viscosity
- loss spontaneity
- physicotic
- trouble handling money
- lost of empathy
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- can’t create new memories
- lossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- getting lost
- tubulent emotions
- verbal language impairment
- hypergraphia

A

personality traits of temporal lobe epilepsy are:
- hyper-religiosity
- emotional viscosity
- physicotic
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- turbulent emotions
- hypergraphia

138
Q

what does electroencephalography (EEG) measures?

A

firing of electrical signals somoultaniously by groups of neurons close to the cortical regions

139
Q

EEG meausres actions potentials: true or false

A

flase

measures gorup of enurons firing together

140
Q

match each wave to when they appear

a) beta waves
b) delta waves
c) gamma waves

  • when we sleep
  • when we just hang out
  • when we concentrate in something hard
A

β waves: when we just hang out
δ waves: when we sleep
γ waves: when we focus in something hard

141
Q

what happens when we sleep

A
  • thalamus locks the gate for sensory input
  • repeated cycles of reconsolidation:
    · integration of new knowledge with prior knowledge
    · processing
    · formation of new memories
  • modification of connections between neurons
  • clearing temproary storage in hippocampus
142
Q

which the stages of sleep and what happens in each stage

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
- integration fo new memories with existing
- emotional processing of new memories
- dreaming
· muscle atonia

non-REM sleep: (stage 1, stage 2, stage 3)
- processing day experiences
- consolidating memories
- clear out hippocampus

143
Q

sleep deprivaiton leads to…

A
  • impaired of learning
  • atrophy; smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
144
Q

which stage of sleep reduces alcohol

A

REM sleep

145
Q

entend rehersal of some mental processes can change the shape and structure of some part of the brain: true or false

A

true

e.g. hippocampus can get bigger (tecnically connections between neurons)

146
Q

you are born with all the neurons you will ever have: true or false

A

false

growth of neurons at subventricular zone & dentate gyrus at hippocampus

147
Q

whoch region is smaller in depression?
A) cortical association area
B) parieral cortex
C) hippocampus
D) tmeporal lobe
E) thalamus
F) preforntal cortex
G) rhinal cortices
H) parahippocampal cortex
I) fornix

A

hippocamous

148
Q

which drug treat anxiety and depression
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* propofol
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* dietyl ether
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine

A

fluoxetine

also stimualtes neurogenesis

149
Q

neurogenensis reduce in depression: true or false

A

true

neurogenesis: growth and development of nervous tissue

150
Q

excersise can improve cognitive performance: true or false

A

true

also relieves symptoms of depression, reduce stress and anxiety

151
Q

define theory of minds

A

ability to attribute mental states

underrstading that others have believes,desires different from one’s own

152
Q

whoch brain regions are involved in th theory of minds:
A) superior frontal gyrus
B) superior parieral lobule
C) middle temporal gyrus
D) posterior cingulante temporal cortex
E) superior temporal gyrus
F) temporal-parietal juntion
G) posterior-superior temporal sulcus
H) parieto-ocipital lobule
I) anterior central gyrus
J) medial prefrontal cortex
K) inferior parietal lobule
L) inferior frontal gyrus
M) precuneus

A

D) posterior cingulante temporal cortex
F) temporal parietal juntion
G) posterior superior temporal sulcus
J) medial prefrontal cortex
M) precuneus

precuneus at parietal lobe, on medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

153
Q

whioch test so you use to test the theory of minds

  • Matrix Reasoning Test
  • Digit-symbol coding test
  • Digit Span Forward Task
  • False belief test
  • Stroop task
  • Reading the Mind in the Eye test
  • Spatial Span Forward
  • N-Back Task
  • Letter-Number Sequencing Task
A
  • False belief test (smarties test)
  • Reading the Mind in the Eye test
154
Q

define autism spectrum disorder

A

persistent deficit in social commounicationa dn social interaction

155
Q

choose which are the common behaviours in Austim:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- insistanence on sameness
- hype-religiosity
- find hard to figure out what some else is thinking
- aphaty
- emotional viscosity
- loss spontaneity
- physicotic
- hypersystematising
- repetitive movements
- lost of empathy
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- not responsive to eye contact
- lossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- not responsive to cues
- tubulent emotions
- difficulty in social situation
- hypergraphia

A
  • insistance on samness
  • repeptitive movements
  • not responsive to cues/ eye contact
  • difficulty in social situation
  • hypersystematising
  • find hard to figure out what some else is thinking
156
Q

classify these characteristics into the differnet types of empathy
a) cognitive emphaty
b) affective empathy
- not impaired in psychopaths
- figure out what someone else is thinking
- emotional emphaty
- imapired in psychocpaths
- imagining other peoples feeling
- appropiate emotional response to what someone else is feeling
- not imapired in autism
- imapired in autism

A

a) cognitive emphaty
- figure out what someone else si thinking
- imagining others people feeling
- imapired in autims
- not impaired in psychopaths

b) affective empathy
- emotional empathy
- appropiate emotional response to ehat someone else is feeling
- not imapared in autism
- impaired in psychopaths

157
Q

brain size in autism is bigger: true or false

A

false

larger (ages 3-10) then smaller in adulthood

158
Q

what are the roles of the cerebellum:
- integrates the sensory infromation into memory traces and encodes new memories
- motor memory
- coordination of movement (no intiating/selectioning)
- surround the hippocampus and involve in the inital processing and integration of sensory information
- motor learning
- narrowing range of motor options
- integrate and analyze the sensory information
- responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
- motor predictions
- coordinating the functions of the main brain
- fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions

A
  • motor memory
  • coordination of movement (no initiating/selectioning)
  • motor learning
  • narrowing range of motor options
  • motor predictions
  • coordinating fucntions of main brain
159
Q

what part of the brain change in sizes change in austism
- cerebellum
- cortical association area
- frontal lobe
- parahippocampal cortex
- rhinal cortices
- temporal lobe
- hippocampus
- parietal lobe
- fornix
- amygdala
- thalamus
- striatum

A
  • frontal and temporal lobe: cortical thickness
  • amygdala: enlarge (?)
  • cerebellum: reduced
160
Q

if cerebellum is impaired can cause…
- fatal familia insomnia
- paraedolia
- dysdiachokinesia
- hemineglect
- agnosia
- dysmetria
- frontotemporal demential
- ataxia
- primary progressive aphasia
- post traumatic stress disorder

A
  • ataxia: problems with balance
  • dysmetrica: inability to coordinate complec motor activity
  • dysdiachokinesia: inability to perform coordianted smooth rapid alterning movements of the hands
  • ## cerebral cognitive affective syndrome: deficits in excesutive fucntion, linguistic processing, spatial cognition, personality change…
161
Q

in autism there is a reduce activity in FFS: true or false

A

true

slower processing faces, more likely they focus on mouth

neuroscience (9 decks)

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