general Flashcards
the spinal cord is composed of
cervical cord
thoracic cord
lumbar cord
sacral cord
coccygeal region
what three parts form the brain
brain stem
cerebellum
cerebral hemispheres
which parts composed the brain stem
medulla
pons
midbrain
name the lobes of the brain
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
the right side of the brain corresponds to which side of the body: right or left
left
the left side of the brain corresponds to which side of the body: right or left
right
define synaptic transmission
mechanism of transferring signals from one cell to another
types of synaptic transmission
electrical transmission
chemical transmission
where does electrical transmission happen? how are the hemichannels called?
- at gap junctions
- connexon
main difference between electrical and chemical transmission
in chemical transmission, there is no continuity between the cytoplasm if the cells.
what are synaptic clefts
fluid-filled gaps in the chemical transmission
what are their presynaptic terminal there are molecules with specific chemical substances called?
A) Neurotransmitters
B) Synaptotagmins
C) Vesicle proteins
D) Ion channels
A) Neurotransmitters
name the different types of memory and main characteristic
- explicit: declarative memory (conscious and intentional) (easy to form and easy to forget)
- implicit: non-declarative memory (unconscious and automatic) (requires practice but last a long period
define the two main types of explicit memory
- semantic: facts and general knowledge
- episodic: life experiences and events
define types of implicit memory
- procedural: habits, behaviour and skills
- motor: coordination
- emotional: classic behaviour
where is the semantic memory stored
A) Prefrontal cortex
B) Temporal lobe
C) Basal ganglia
D) Hippocampus
E) Neocortex
D) Hippocampus
where is the episodic memory stored
A) Temporal lobe
B) Hippocampus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Striatum
E) Neocortex
B) Hippocampus
where is the procedural memory stored
A) Motor cortex
B) Hippocampus
C) Striatum
D) Prefrontal cortex
E) Cerebellum
C) Striatum
where is the motor memory stored
A) Motor cortex
B) Basal ganglia
C) Striatum
D) Prefrontal cortex
E) Cerebellum
E) Cerebellum
where is the emotional memory stored
A) Limbic system
B) Hippocampus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Insular cortex
A) Limbic system
which the stage model of memory formation
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
what happens during encoding
- sensory information into neuronal activity
- perception (different sense steams into one)
- attention
main things that the hippocampus does
A) Regulates emotional responses and fear conditioning.
B) Controls voluntary movements and coordination.
C) Forms declarative memory and tells you where you are in space.
D) Processes visual information and object recognition.
C) Forms declarative memory and tells you where you are in space.
what the pathway of coordination of movement
cerebral motor cortex > cerebellum > spinal cord > muscle
what does the cerebellum do?
A) Coordinates motor movements ensuring their accuracy, precision and timing
B) Processes visual information and object recognition.
C) Regulates emotional responses and fear conditioning.
D) Controls voluntary movements and coordination.
A) Coordinates motor movements ensuring their accuracy, precision and timing
define retrieval
process of accessing and bringing information stored in the memory into conscious awareness
define memory consolidation
process of turning short-term memory into long-term memory
define sensory processing
process of turning sensory information into neuronal activity
continue the sense processing pathway followed in the visual system:
photon > sensory receptors (rods and cones) > firing action potential …
A) optic chiasm > optic nerve > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex
B) optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > optic nerve > primary visual cortex
C) optic nerve > optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex
photon > sensory receptors (rods and cones) > firing action potential > optic nerve > optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex
where are the lateral geniculate nucleus at
A) Thalamus
B) Midbrain
C) Hypothalamus
D) Medulla oblongata
A) Thalamus
temporal hemiretina is located in the interior or the exterior of the retina?
exterior
what happens at the optic chiasm?
A) axons from temporal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from nasal retina remain uncrossed
B) axons from nasal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from temporal retina remain uncrossed
B) axons from nasal hemiretina cross to the contralateral side and axons from temporal retina remain uncrossed
hey does the brain predicts a view of the world?
based on prior knowledge
what is consciousness?
A) The state of being aware of and able to perceive one’s surroundings.
B) The ability to process information and make decisions.
C) A biological process involving neuronal activity in the brain.
D) The integration of sensory perceptions, thoughts, and emotions.
E) Brain’s best guess of the world
E) Brain’s best guess of the world
what is pareidolia?
A) A neurological condition affecting visual perception.
B) A form of cognitive bias related to memory recall.
C) The tendency to meaningful patterns in objects
D) The process of recognizing faces in inanimate objects or patterns.
E) An optical illusion caused by the brain’s interpretation of visual stimuli.
C) The tendency to meaningful patterns in objects
where is the fusiform face area (FFA) located?
A) Frontal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Occipital lobe
C) Temporal lobe
name 3 sensory receptors
thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors
describe the general principle of sensory pathways
sensory information > action potentials > spinal cord > spinothalamic tract > thalamus > cortex
Adaptation produces the inverse effect: true or false
true. for example in the “visual aftereffect”
which one is the correct definition of “visual aftereffect”?
systematic change in perception of a visual stimulus after adaptation to a previous stimulus. e.g. adapted to light, you first ‘see’ dark
what adaptation prevenents?
A) Sensory deprivation
B) Sensory adaptation
C) Sensory overload
C) Sensory overload
what’s the function of sensory receptors?
turn external information into electrical signals
olfactory pathway does through the thalamus : true or false
false
visual pathway goes through the thalamus: true or false
true
what is the olfactory system connected to?
A) hippocampus
B) limbic system
C) motor cortex
D) cerebellum
B) limbic system
thalamus is a sensory………..
A) stimulus
B) cortex
C) gatekeeper
D) receptor
C) gatekeeper
cortical association areas generate their own…
A) Signals
B) Codes
C) Patterns
D) Impressions
B) codes
what’s the difference between cortex and lobe?
cortex is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres and lobes are the major divisions of the cortex
the cerebral cortex is form of…
A) Muscle tissue
B) Endocrine tissue
C) Neural tissue
D) Epithelial tissue
E) Connective tissue
C) Neural tissue
which ones are the higher cognitive functions of the cortex?
perception, memory, language and consciousness
pair the lobe with its correct function:
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
a) process sensory information, spatial awareness, attention
b) dedicated to visual processing and interpretation
c) responsible for auditory perception, language comprehension, memory formation
d) reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, voluntary movement
A & d) frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, problem-solving, decision making and voluntary movement
B & a) parietal lobe is involved in processing sensory information, spatial awareness, attention
C & c) temporal cortex is responsible for auditory perception, language comprehension, memory formation
D & b) occipital lobe is dedicated to visual processing and intepretation
hemisphere son the brain communicate with each other though the…
white matter tracks
gyrus is the:
A) the grove
b) top part of the curve
B) top part of the curve
gyrus is the:
a) top part of the curve
b) the groove
B) the groove
MAIN SULCUS is the sulcus that separates:
A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) frontal from temporal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex
A) frontal from parietal cortex
INSULA is the sulcus that separates:
A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) temporal from frontal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex
B) temporal from frontal c
SYLVIAN FISSURE/LATERAL SULCUS is the sulcus that separates:
A) frontal from parietal cortex
B) frontal from temporal cortex
C) occipital from parietal cortex
D) parietal from temporal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex
E) temporal from frontal and parietal cortex
insula allow us to experience
A) anger
B) frustration
C) exhaustion
D) fear
E) disgust
F) sadness
G) fatigue
E) disgust
how many Brodmann areas do we have?
A) 37
B) 14
C) 52
D) 56
E) 23
F) 65
C) 52
what does AP5 does?
A) protects parietal lobe from strokes
B) increases sensory power
C) blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
D) mitigates ca2+ ions
C) blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
language is the result of just one or many cortical area (s) ?
langiage is the result of many cortical areas working together
temporal cortex (what was said) & frontal cortex (what & how to say it)
speech problem downstream the cortex is called….
a) aphasia
b) epilepsy
c) autism
d) dysarthia
e) schizophrenia
d) dysarthia
difficulty in mvoing the muscles of the face and the tongue
speech problem where they have difficulty in naming objects or repeat words is called….
a) aphasia
b) epilepsy
c) autism
d) dysarthia
e) schizophrenia
a) aphasia
which Brodmann area is related to speech (2):
A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42
22, 44, 45
22 (Wernicke’s area) // 44, 45 (Broca’s Area)
which Brodmann area is related to Wernicke’s Area:
A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42
A) 22
temporal cortex
which Brodmann area is related to Broca’s Area:
A) 22
B) 37
C) 44, 45
D) 1,2,3
E) 5, 7, 39, 40
F) 17
G) 41, 42
C) 44, 45
frontal cortex
group these characteristic into Werncicke’s or Broca’s Aphasia:
- temporal cortex
- disorder syntax
- disorder grammar
- fluent speech
- inappropiate speech
- called sensory or receptive aphasia
- understand language
- cannot construct their own sentences
- repetitive
- makes no sense
- called motor, expressive, or production aphasia
- adecuate grammar
- little repetition
- disordered structures
- frontal cortex
- unable to understand language
- adecuate syntax
**Wernicke’s aphasia: **
* temporal cortex
* unable to understand language
* fluent but innapropiate speech
* makes no sense
* little repetition
* adecuate grammar
* adecuate syntax
* called sensory or receptive aphasia
**Broca’s Aphasia: **
* frontal cortex
* understand language
* cannot construct their own sentences
* repetitive
* disorder syntax
* disorder grammar
* disordered structures
* called motor, expressive, or production aphasia
temporal “understand what is said” / frontal “what we wanna said”
which fibbers connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s one:
A) superior longitudinal fasciuilum
B) corona-radita
C) corpus callosum
D) arcuate Fascicullum
E) corticospinal (motor) tract
D) arcuate Fascicullum
match each part of the brain with each function:
A) cortical association area
B) parahippocampal cortex and rhinal cortices
C) hippocampus
D) fornix
E) thalamus
a) integrates the sensory infromation into memory traces and encodes new memories
b) surround the hippocampus and involve in the inital processing and integration of sensory information
c) integrate and analyze the sensory information
d) responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
e) fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions
**cortical association areas: **integrate and analyse sensory information
parahippocampal cortex and rhinal cortices: surrpund the hippocampus and involve the inital processing and integration fo sensory information
hippocampus: integrates sensory information and encodes new memories
fornix: fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions
thalamus: responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
… is responsible for further analysis and processing of taste signals after they have been relayed from the primary gustatory cortex:
A) Primary somatosensory cortex
B) Hippocampus
C) Secondary gustatory cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex
C) Secondary gustatory cortex
helps in identifying and distinguishing different taste qualities
name th two types of spatial reprepsentation
- allocentric (map of environment)
- egocentric (where i am in the environment)
classify the charactetristic in the different types of spatial representations:
* me-to-object
* map of the environment
* posterior parietal cortex
* object-to-object
* prefrontal cortex
* hippocampus
* where i am in the environment
allocentric
* map of the environment
* object-to-toject
* hippocampus
egocentric:
* where i am in the enviroment
* me-to-object
* posterior parietal cortex + prefrontal cortex
match each anvegation neuron with its characteristic
A) place cells
B) head position cells
C) border cells
D) Rewards-place cells
- subicullum
- pyramidal neurons in the hyppocampus
- activated by barriers
- activated in allocentric environments
- orientated towards a specific direction
- learn about reward in a particular place
- hippocampus
- encode a ‘place field’
place cells
* pyramidal cells in the hypocampus
* activated by allocentric environments
* encode a place field
head position cells
* orientated towards a specific direction
* subicullum
border cells
* activated by barriers
rewards-place cells
* learn about rewards in a particular place
* hippocampus
medial termporal lobe and temporal cortex tell you where you are and where is that thing: true or false
false.
medial termporal lobe and temporal cortex tell you what is that thing
what does hippocampus tell you about a thing in terms of location
where it is in the environment
tasks involving language processing and verbal reasoning activate the right prefrotnal cortex: true or false
False
- tasks involving language processing and verbal reasoning tend to activate the left prefrontal cortex
- tasks involving spatial reasoning and visual processing tend to activate the right prefrontal cortex
match each term with its definition of pavlonian classical conditioning:
a) unconditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned response
c) neutral stimulus
d) conditioned stimulus
e) conditioned response
- stimulus that initially doesnt elicit any response
- learned response to a conditioned stimulus
- stimulus that natural triggers a response
- automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
- neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus and triggers a response
- unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that natural triggers a reponse
- unconditioned response: automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
- neutral stimulus: stimulus that initially doesnt elicit any reponse
- conditioned stimulus: neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and triggers a response
- conditioned response: learned response to the conditioned stimulus
define extinction classical conditioning
gradual weakening and dissaperance of conditioning response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatdlt presented without the condioned stimulus
PTSD happens when…
forgetting process goes wrong
choose which are the symptoms of PTSD:
- Personality change
- Hyperarousal
- Confabulation
- Expressive aphasia
- Hypervigilance
- Anterogade amnesia
- Sleep disturbances
- Emotional numbling
- Inability to focus on a task
- Dysmetria
- Avoidance
- Difficulty to complete a task
- hyperarousal
- hypervigilance
- emotional numbling
- avoidance
which part is hyperactive, hypoactive or smaller in PTSD:
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- prefrontal cortex
- amygdala: hyperactive
- hippocampus: smaller
- prefrontal cortex: hypoactive and smaller
which two drugs are use to treat alzehimer’s disease:
endomorphins
memantine (Ebixa)
methylphenidate
SSRI
fluoxetine
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
SSRI
reduce physiological expression of anxiety
what’s the name of the therapry to treat PTSD?
cognitive behavioural therapy
what is dopamine allows you to :
- modulate the activity of neural circuits by influencing the firing patterns of neurons and the strength of synaptic connections
- learn about what’s good and regulate mood, emotion, and motivation.
- transmit signals related to pain sensation, while others, such as endorphins and enkephalins, modulate the perception of pain and contribute to pain relief
- regulate the sleep-wake cycle and promote transitions between different stages of sleep and wakefulness.
dopamine is critical to learn what’s gppd and regualteing mood, emotion and motivation
dopaminergic system is found at the …
- frontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral midbrain
- occipital cortex
- temporal cortex
ventral midbrain
is movement controlled by dopamine: true or false
true
the dopaminergic circuit at substantia nigra controls movement
name the three dopamineric pathways
- nigrostrial pathway
- mesolimbic pathway
- mesocortical pathway
mesolimbic dopamine pathway projects to…
- ventral striatum
- prefrontal cortex
- temporal cortex
- dorsal striatum
ventral striatum
where are the dopamine cells bodies located at the beginning before being released
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
in which part is the dopamine released
nucleus accumbens
dopamine si described as..
the chemical that makes you feel good
love chemical, pleasure chemical, reward chemical…
dopamine just monitors good things: true or false
false
when something makes you unhappy, truns down the firing rate
dopamine acts as
- electrical signal
- chemical signal
- learning signal
- fear signal
- warning signal
- mechanical signal
learning signal
what activate dopamine neurons
peptide neuromodulators
which are the main peptide neuromodulators
- acetylcholine
- strogen
- glutamate
- endorphins
- serotonin
- insulin
- enkephalis
- oxytocin
- dynorphins
- interferons
- interlukins
endorphins
enkephalis
dynorphins
match each characteristic with its correct neuromodulator:
A) GABAerig neurons
B) OPIOIDergic neurons
- increases firing rate of dopamine
- neuromodualtors
- activated by good things
- within ventral tegmental area
- releases OPIOID endorphins
- binds into presynaptic terminasl of GABAergic neurons
- inhibitory neurotransmittor
- releases GABA onto dopamine neuron
- shuts down firing
- shuts down GABAergic neurons
GABAergic neurons
- within ventral tegmental area
- inhibitory neurotransmittor
- releases GABA onto dopamine neuron
- shuts firing down
OPIOIDergic neurons
- increases firing rate of dopamine
- neuromodulators
- activated by good things
- releases OPIOD endorphins
- binds to presynaptic terminal of GABAergic neurons
- shuts down GABAergic neurons
Endogenous OPIOIDS are peptide neuromodulators: true or false
true
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
impulse happens within the
- prefrontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral tegmental area
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- lymbic system
ventral tegmental area
when signal are received travel to the VTA and generate dopamine
control is exerted at the…
- prefrontal cortex
- cerebellum
- ventral tegmental area
- temporal lobe
- parietal love
- lymbic system
prefrontal cortex
control voer impulses pathway involve glutamatergic projections
pair each memory with its characteristics:
a) short-term memory
b) working memory
c) long-term memoring
- turns working memory into permanent
- holds actions for a few mins to complete a task
- starts with encoding
- storage
- application of attention
- very limited capapcity/overwhelmed easily
- sensory processing
- found at prefrontal cortex
- huge capacity
- fundamentla role in learning
- dorsolateral area
a) short-term memory
- starts with encoding
- sensory processing
b) working memory
- holds actions for few mins to complete a task
- application of attention
- very limited capacity/ overwhelmed easily
- found at prefrontal cortex
- dorsolateral area
- fundamental role in learning
c) long-term memoring
- turns working memory into permanent
- huge capacity
- storage
working memory is improved by using…
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
methylphenidate
which test is perform to test cognitive function :
- Matrix Reasoning Test
- Digit-symbol coding test
- Digit Span Forward Task
- False belief test
- Stroop task
- Spatial Span Forward
- N-Back Task
- Letter-Number Sequencing Task
- Digit Span Forward Task
- Spatial Span Forward
- N-Back Task
- Letter-Number Sequencing Task
match each test with the cognitive function it test for:
a) Digit-symbol coding test
b) N-Back Task
c) Letter-Number Sequencing Task
- monitor auditory
- verbal maintenance
- manipulation of verbal working memory
- monitor olfatory
- suditory maintenance
- monitor verbal and auditory
- monitor spatial
Digit Span Forward Task
- verbal maintenance
- auditory maintenance
N-back Task
- monitor verbal and auditory
- monitor auditory
- monitor olfatory
- monitor spatial
Letter-number sequencing Task
- manipulation of verbal working memory
ADHD is caused because of problems with…
- long term memory
- working memory
- encoding
- retrieval
- temporal lobe
- cerebellum
working memory
what does IQ test measures
intelligence
which 4 cognitive domains does IQ asses?
- verbal comprenhension
- woeking memory
- perceptutal reasoning
- processing speed
higher yoy IQ score is, more likely you are to die earlier: true or false
false. “higher your IQ is, longer you are likely to live”
lower your IQ is, more likely you are to die earlier
what does IQ scores predict.
mention at least examples
life success:
- performances in assessments at school
- income ($)
- likelihood of commiting a crime
IQ can measure emotional intelligence, happiness and long-term memory: true or false
false
intelligence is in a region of the brain: true or false
false.
intelligence is more likely to be networks of the brain
match the g factor and s factor os Spearmans ‘g’ mode with their correct characteristics:
- learned
- general intelligence
- you are born with them
- the more you practice them the better they get
- abilities that are inculcated in you from your environment
- skills specific/particular to certain tasks or domains
- overall mental ability that influences your performance on various intellectual tasks
g factor:
- general intelligence
- you are born with them
- overall mental ability that influences your performance on various intellectual tasks
s factor:
- learned the more you practice them the better they get
- abilities inculcated in you from your environment
- skills specific/particular to certain tasks or domains
which test is perform to test selective attention :
- Matrix Reasoning Test
- Digit-symbol coding test
- Digit Span Forward Task
- False belief test
- Stroop task
- Spatial Span Forward
- N-Back Task
- Letter-Number Sequencing Task
stroop task
match the different g theories with their correct deffinition:
a) parietal-frontal integration theory
b) multiple demand theory
c) process overlap theory
d) network neuroscience theory
- intelligence is related to the ability to adapt and switch between different cognitive tasks or demands
- intelligence arise from the integration of two major brain regions: parietal lobes and frontal lobes
- intelligence is not localized in a specific brain region, instead it emerges drom the dynamic interactions and connectivity patterns within brain networks
- certain brain regions or networks are involve in multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously
a) parietal-frontal integration theory: intelligence arise from the integration of two major brain regions: parietal lobes and frontal lobes
b) multiple demand theory: intelligence is related to the ability to adapt and switch between different cognitive tasks or demands
c) process overlap theory: certain brain regions or networks are involve in multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously
d) network neuroscience theory: intelligence is not localized in a specific brain region, instead it emerges drom the dynamic interactions and connectivity patterns within brain networks
define selective attention
ability to focus on a specific object, location, message or other stimulud
at the pulvinar nuclei in thalamus
what system is important for attention:
- Ventricular System
- Brain Cholinergic system
- Limbic System
- Noradrenaline system
- Dopaminergic System
Noradrenaline system
what chemical increases attention:
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine
methylphenidate
cocaine
classify each characteristic in each attention system:
a) alerting system
b) orientating system
c) excutive attention
- fronto-parietal network: task switching and initiation
- activated by warnings
- attention to sensory location or modality
- tested by measuring vigilance
- cinguloopercular network: maintenance
- also noradrenaline system (locus coerleus)
- watching tv, navigating traffic…
- temporo-parietal juntion: breaks attention on old thing
- subcortical
- manage info. in the short-term memory
- recruits autonomic nervous system
- focal attention (concentration)
- pulvinar nucleus of thalamus does the inital filtering
- attents to danger/safety
- top-down control: block potentially distracting information from the focus of attention
- ventral frontal cortex: signals new thing to attent
a) alerting system
- subcortical
- attents to danger/safety
- activated by warnings
- tested by measuring vigilance
- recruits autonomic nervous system
- also noradrenaline system (locus coerleus)
b) orientating system
- attention to sensory location or modality
· watching tv, navigatign traffic…
- temporo-parietal juntion: breaks attention to old thing
- ventral frontal cortex: signalas new things to attend
- pulvinar nucleus of thalamus does the inital filtering
c) excutive attention
- focal attention (concentration)
- top-dpown control: block potentiaslly distracting ingotmation from the focus of attention
- fronto-parietal network: task switching and initiation
- cinguloopercular netwoek: maintenance
- manage information in the short-term memory
left hemisphere is domaninant for attending sensory stimuli: true or false
false
right hemisphere is domaninant for attending sensory stimuli
cognitive load theory prioritazes the….. bottleneck
- prefrontal cortex
- retrieval
- cerebellum
- longterm memory
- ventral tegmental area
- working memory
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- short-term memoring
- encoding
- lymbic system
cognitive load theory prioritazes the working memory bottleneck
march its temr with its deffintion and explain how has to be a good instructional design:
a) intrinsic
b) germane
c) extraneous
- any work that working memory is doing that is irrelevant, distracting
- amount of work that working memory is doing, dedicated to focus on learning
- how difficult a piece of learning is
a) intrinsic: how difficult a piece of learning is
b) germane: amount of work that working memory is doing, dedicated to focus on learning: MAXIMISE
c) extraneous: any work that working memory is doing that is irrelevant, distracting: MINIMISE
interesting but irrelevant adjunts that imapire learning
source of extraneous cognitive load
is split attention beneficial for learners?
no.
- as learner has to split their attention between 2 mutually dependent sources of information (separated spatially or temporally), information of each source needs to be mentally integrated by the learner to understand the topic
- this forces inegration process demands on the learners working memory, therefore impacting negatively on learning
working memory have a huge capacity: true or false
false
working memory has a very limited capacity
what happens at the resting state of the brain?
THERE IS NO RESTING STATE
the brain NEVER switches off, if it fors, we will be dead
process of reflecting on the past, planning the future is call, come up with new ideas is called…
daydreaming
what’s the default mode network
a set of regions (medial cortical regions: frontal, temporal and parietal) that come more active when we are not focussing on a task
‘‘resting state’’
medial cortical regions (frontal, temporal and parietal) are reponsible for:
- retrieval
- working memory
- daydreaming
- attention
- self-referential
- sleeping
- encoding
- creativity
- concentration
daydreaming, self-referential, creativity
which region inhibit the medial cortical regions (default mode network? why it does that?
lateral prefrontal regions inhibit default mode network when engaged in a task.
shuts it down to concentrate
inhibittion od medial cortical regons by lateral prefrotnal cortex never is always the same: true or false
false
it weakens with aging
concentration is impaired in…
- fatal familia insomnia
- paraedolia
- hemineglect
- agnosia
- frontotemporal dememntial
- ataxia
- primary progressive aphasia
- post traumatic stress disorder
frontotemporal dementia
primary progressive aphasia
choose which are the symptoms of frontotemporal dementia:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- can’t process and perceive stimuli
- aphaty
- loss spontaneity
- trouble handling money
- lost of empathy
- can’t create new memories
- loossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- getting lost
- verbal language impairment
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- aphaty
- lsot of emphaty
- decline excesutive function
- verbal language impariment
why person with frontotemporal dementia are daydreaming more often
because theire frontal cortex is degraded, so they cannot longer put a break on teh deault mode networkx
which chemicals are anaesthetics?
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* propofol
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* dietyl ether
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine
propofol
diethyl ether
propofol acts through GABA receptors
what does anaesthetics do to people? and how?
- make them unconscious
- not known exactly, but is mainly attributed to interactions with neuronal membranes and ion channels
what happens during epilepsy in the brain?
there is an abnormal firing of large group of neurons at the same time within a particular site in the brain
match each characteristic with the correct form of temporal lobe epilepsy:
a) partial seizure
b) complex partial seizure
c) secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- extends beyond temporal lobe
- impaired conciousness
- experience auras around people
- full blown seizure
- unusual behaviours
- become very emotional
- when firing spreads
- no loss of conciousnesss
- thing become weird
- automatisms
- deja vu
a) partial seizure
- no loss of conciousness
- expereiences auras
- becomes very emotional
- deja vu
b) complex partial seizure
- when firing spreads
- impaired conciousness
- unusual behaviours
- automatism
c) secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- extend beyond temporal lobe
- full blown seizure
choose which are the symptoms of temporla lobe epilepsy:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- can’t process and perceive stimuli
- hype-religiosity
- aphaty
- emotional viscosity
- loss spontaneity
- physicotic
- trouble handling money
- lost of empathy
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- can’t create new memories
- lossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- getting lost
- tubulent emotions
- verbal language impairment
- hypergraphia
personality traits of temporal lobe epilepsy are:
- hyper-religiosity
- emotional viscosity
- physicotic
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- turbulent emotions
- hypergraphia
what does electroencephalography (EEG) measures?
firing of electrical signals somoultaniously by groups of neurons close to the cortical regions
EEG meausres actions potentials: true or false
flase
measures gorup of enurons firing together
match each wave to when they appear
a) beta waves
b) delta waves
c) gamma waves
- when we sleep
- when we just hang out
- when we concentrate in something hard
β waves: when we just hang out
δ waves: when we sleep
γ waves: when we focus in something hard
what happens when we sleep
- thalamus locks the gate for sensory input
- repeated cycles of reconsolidation:
· integration of new knowledge with prior knowledge
· processing
· formation of new memories - modification of connections between neurons
- clearing temproary storage in hippocampus
which the stages of sleep and what happens in each stage
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
- integration fo new memories with existing
- emotional processing of new memories
- dreaming
· muscle atonia
non-REM sleep: (stage 1, stage 2, stage 3)
- processing day experiences
- consolidating memories
- clear out hippocampus
sleep deprivaiton leads to…
- impaired of learning
- atrophy; smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
which stage of sleep reduces alcohol
REM sleep
entend rehersal of some mental processes can change the shape and structure of some part of the brain: true or false
true
e.g. hippocampus can get bigger (tecnically connections between neurons)
you are born with all the neurons you will ever have: true or false
false
growth of neurons at subventricular zone & dentate gyrus at hippocampus
whoch region is smaller in depression?
A) cortical association area
B) parieral cortex
C) hippocampus
D) tmeporal lobe
E) thalamus
F) preforntal cortex
G) rhinal cortices
H) parahippocampal cortex
I) fornix
hippocamous
which drug treat anxiety and depression
* endomorphins
* memantine (Ebixa)
* propofol
* methylphenidate
* SSRI
* fluoxetine
* dietyl ether
* acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
* cocaine
fluoxetine
also stimualtes neurogenesis
neurogenensis reduce in depression: true or false
true
neurogenesis: growth and development of nervous tissue
excersise can improve cognitive performance: true or false
true
also relieves symptoms of depression, reduce stress and anxiety
define theory of minds
ability to attribute mental states
underrstading that others have believes,desires different from one’s own
whoch brain regions are involved in th theory of minds:
A) superior frontal gyrus
B) superior parieral lobule
C) middle temporal gyrus
D) posterior cingulante temporal cortex
E) superior temporal gyrus
F) temporal-parietal juntion
G) posterior-superior temporal sulcus
H) parieto-ocipital lobule
I) anterior central gyrus
J) medial prefrontal cortex
K) inferior parietal lobule
L) inferior frontal gyrus
M) precuneus
D) posterior cingulante temporal cortex
F) temporal parietal juntion
G) posterior superior temporal sulcus
J) medial prefrontal cortex
M) precuneus
precuneus at parietal lobe, on medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
whioch test so you use to test the theory of minds
- Matrix Reasoning Test
- Digit-symbol coding test
- Digit Span Forward Task
- False belief test
- Stroop task
- Reading the Mind in the Eye test
- Spatial Span Forward
- N-Back Task
- Letter-Number Sequencing Task
- False belief test (smarties test)
- Reading the Mind in the Eye test
define autism spectrum disorder
persistent deficit in social commounicationa dn social interaction
choose which are the common behaviours in Austim:
- see patterns in things
- memory loss
- progressive deterioration of cognition/behaviour
- insistanence on sameness
- hype-religiosity
- find hard to figure out what some else is thinking
- aphaty
- emotional viscosity
- loss spontaneity
- physicotic
- hypersystematising
- repetitive movements
- lost of empathy
- mood swings
- hypo-sexuality
- not responsive to eye contact
- lossing/misplacing things
- problems with response inhibition
- decline of excutive function
- not responsive to cues
- tubulent emotions
- difficulty in social situation
- hypergraphia
- insistance on samness
- repeptitive movements
- not responsive to cues/ eye contact
- difficulty in social situation
- hypersystematising
- find hard to figure out what some else is thinking
classify these characteristics into the differnet types of empathy
a) cognitive emphaty
b) affective empathy
- not impaired in psychopaths
- figure out what someone else is thinking
- emotional emphaty
- imapired in psychocpaths
- imagining other peoples feeling
- appropiate emotional response to what someone else is feeling
- not imapired in autism
- imapired in autism
a) cognitive emphaty
- figure out what someone else si thinking
- imagining others people feeling
- imapired in autims
- not impaired in psychopaths
b) affective empathy
- emotional empathy
- appropiate emotional response to ehat someone else is feeling
- not imapared in autism
- impaired in psychopaths
brain size in autism is bigger: true or false
false
larger (ages 3-10) then smaller in adulthood
what are the roles of the cerebellum:
- integrates the sensory infromation into memory traces and encodes new memories
- motor memory
- coordination of movement (no intiating/selectioning)
- surround the hippocampus and involve in the inital processing and integration of sensory information
- motor learning
- narrowing range of motor options
- integrate and analyze the sensory information
- responsible for relaying sensory information and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
- motor predictions
- coordinating the functions of the main brain
- fibre that connects the hyppocampus to other regions
- motor memory
- coordination of movement (no initiating/selectioning)
- motor learning
- narrowing range of motor options
- motor predictions
- coordinating fucntions of main brain
what part of the brain change in sizes change in austism
- cerebellum
- cortical association area
- frontal lobe
- parahippocampal cortex
- rhinal cortices
- temporal lobe
- hippocampus
- parietal lobe
- fornix
- amygdala
- thalamus
- striatum
- frontal and temporal lobe: cortical thickness
- amygdala: enlarge (?)
- cerebellum: reduced
if cerebellum is impaired can cause…
- fatal familia insomnia
- paraedolia
- dysdiachokinesia
- hemineglect
- agnosia
- dysmetria
- frontotemporal demential
- ataxia
- primary progressive aphasia
- post traumatic stress disorder
- ataxia: problems with balance
- dysmetrica: inability to coordinate complec motor activity
- dysdiachokinesia: inability to perform coordianted smooth rapid alterning movements of the hands
- ## cerebral cognitive affective syndrome: deficits in excesutive fucntion, linguistic processing, spatial cognition, personality change…
in autism there is a reduce activity in FFS: true or false
true
slower processing faces, more likely they focus on mouth
