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general Flashcards

1
Q

3 requirement for stereopsis

A
  • large binocular overlap of VF
  • partial decussation of afferent viisual fibres
  • co-ordinated conjugate eye movement
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2
Q

4 types of stereotest

A

r-g - TNO
CYLINDER GRATING - LANG
polarised - butterfly/ randot test
real thickness - frisby

all steorotest uses randot

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3
Q

AGE GROUP selection for stereotest

A

2-3 - lang and frisby
>3 randot, tno, butterfly, titmus fly

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4
Q

what are the test for colours

A

colours made easy
ishihara

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5
Q

what are the ways to gather response for C Made Easy

A

point, trace, name

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6
Q

what are the va test available for infant - 18m

A

7 test
Differential objective occlusion
prefential looking - teller, lea paddle, keeler
fixate and follow
100 and 1000s
screening test for young children and retards
visual evoke potential
OKN

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7
Q

what are the test chart to choose for preverbal, verbal, preiliterate, illiterate

A

pre v - cardiff
v - kay picture
pre i - sheridan gardiner
i - snellen/ logmar

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8
Q

what are the va test available for 18m -36m

A

7 test:
cardiff acuity
kay picture
keeler logmar
broken wheels
computerized optotype
sheridan gardiner
lea symbol card

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8
Q

ssx of reduce vx in infant - toddler

A

8 ssx:
- no ssx
- rub eyes
- lack of interest in small item
- clumsiness
- inattentiveness
- poor tracking
- unable to recognized familiar faces

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9
Q

ssx of reduce va in preschool - school age

A

7 ssx:
- no ssx
- avoid near work
- poor athletic
- shy
- headaches
- squinting / brow ache
- hold book close

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10
Q

how to we select occlusion method?

A

via age:

birth to 3: sticker patch
3-7: eye patch, paed trial frame
7- 10: handheld occluder, eyepatch, trial frame and occluder lens
>10: occluder, trial frame and occlusion lens

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11
Q

paediatric va test selection overview by age

  1. birth to 6 months
  2. 6m to 18m
    3.18 -36m
  3. > 3
A
  1. birth to 6 months
    - DOO
    - PL
    - Fixate and follow
    - OKN
  2. 6m to 18m
    - DOO
    - PL
    - 100 and 1000s

3.18 -36m
- sheridan gardiner
- Cardiff acuity
- kay picture
- lea symbol
- keeler logmar
- broken wheel
- computer optotype

  1. > 3
    - sheridan gardiner
    - logmar
    - snellen (illiterate E, landolt C)
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12
Q

what is the refractive norms for premature babies

A
  • short al , shallow ac, highly curved cornea
  • premature eyes developed less hypermetropia due to diff in ACD and cornea curvature
  • high prevalence of myopia
  • myopia decrease as child goes

*all compare against full term

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13
Q

FT babies refractive norms

A
  • low to moderate hyperopia decreasing with age
  • low to moderate astig decreasing over 1st year
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14
Q

ssx of uncorrected rx in young children

A
  • poor stereopsis - difficult with depth perception, and eye hand coordination difficulties
  • frequent rub eye
  • blink excessively
  • cannot maintain fixation on task
  • frequently close/ cover 1 eye
  • lack of interest in out door activities
  • lack of interest in near task
  • squinting
  • no ssx
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15
Q

ssx of myopia based on age :
1. birth - 5 yo
2. >5

A
  1. birth - 5 yo
    - low rx - no ssx
    - moderate to high - lack of interest at distance object, get close to toys, books/ tv
  2. > 5
    - hold book close
    - squint to see the board
    - fail vx screening
    - poor va at all distance
16
Q

ssx of hyperopia based on age :
1. birth - 5 yo
2. >5

A
  1. birth - 5 yo
    low rx: no ssx
    mod to high: possible esotropia, lack of interest in near task, poor eye hand coordination and perceptual skills
  2. > 5
    low - no ssx
    mod: lack of interest in near task, poor reading skills, asthenopia
    high : reduced va at dist and near
17
Q

ssx of astigmatism based on age :
1. birth - 3yo
2. 3-5 yo
3. >5

A
  1. birth - 3yo
    - no ssx
  2. 3-5 yo
    - reduced va, decrease interest in fine detailed task
  3. > 5
    - reduced distance at distanec and near
    - asthenopia
18
Q

ssx of anisometropia based on age:
1. birth to 4
2. >4

A
  1. birth to 4
    - possible no ssx
    - decreased stereopsis/ other bv skills
    -amblyopia
  2. > 4
    - asthenopia
    - decreased stereopsis/ other bv skills
    -amblyopia
19
Q

rx changes during school years (>5) and their possible outcome

A

> 1.50D - tend to remain hyperopic
+0.50 - +1.25 - tend to become emmetreopic
pl to +0.50 - tend to be myopic

<pl - tend to be more myopic

20
Q

why should refraction be conducted before bv assessment

A

ensure, clear retinal image, and balance correction in both eye

*also impt as accommodative esotropia can be corrected with spx

21
Q

what are the types of refraction test we can use for paeds

A

6 test:
- mohindra
- distance retinoscopy
- cycloplegic refraction

the following test are only taken as screening/ confirmation:
- photorefraction
- autorefractor
- k meter and keratoscope

22
Q

what are the indication for cyclopegic refraction

A

8 indication:
- fluctuating reflexes
- inability to fixate
- uncooperative
- strabismus
- suspected latent hyperopia
- amblyopia
- anisometropia
- high accom lag

23
Q

how do we control accommodation in children

A
  • interesting target
  • fixate at 6m
  • use wdl for older children
  • neutralise and push for max plus
  • cycloplegic if indicated - best way
24
Q

what is the selection of refraction test based on age

A

<3 - near retinoscopy, cycloplegic refraction
3-5: distance, cycloplegic, subjective rx

25
Q

types of cycloplegia available

A

3 types:
- atropine - hospital esp for esotropic
- cyloplegic spray -useful for uncooperative and light iris
- cyclopentolate 1% - hospital 2 drops, 5 mins after, refraction 30 mins after

k revision (2 decks)

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