General Flashcards
ETOPS definition
No air operator shall operate a twin engine aircraft on a route containing a point that is farther from an adequate aérodrome than the distance that can be flown in 60 min at the one engine inoperative cruise speed, unless flight is wholly in CDA
Taking off from airport where wx conditions are lower than landing minima
Can only take off if:
Other airport can be flown in 60 min w one engine inoperative
For a/c w 3-4 engines, airport distance 120 min w one engine inoperative
Weight of aircraft should allow full stop landing at destination and alternate
Turbojet- 60% of LDA
Propeller- 70% of LDA
If runway if wet, add 15% more
Stopway
End of runway
Marked w yellow chevrons
Helps aircraft stop during an abandoned take off
Clearway
Rectangular area end of runway
Prepared without any obstacles for initial climb of aircraft
Relationships of runway distances
TODA= TORA+ CLEARWAY
Takeoff distance available is the whole runway from before threshold including stopway and clearway
ASDA= TORA + STOPWAY
Accelerate stop distance is from before threshold, the runway and then stopway
RVSM AIRSPACE
FL290 to FL410
Rhumb line
Cut all meridians at constant angle
All latitude is a rhumb line
Not shortest distance but maintain same heading
Straight line on transverse Mercator projection is rhumb line
Isogonic lines
Lines of equal variation
Type I fluid
De-icing
Very limited hold over time
Heated water w glycol (anti freeze)
Type II fluid
More thicker than type I
Sticks to wing
Absorbs falling precipitation to avoid freezing
Designed to shear off when airspeed (Vr) reaches 100kts
A/c w lower vr can’t use type II
Type III fluid
Similar to type II
Designed to shear off at slower speed
Vr less than 100 kts
Type IV fluid
Similar to type II
Longer hold over time
Dyed GREEN, so not mistaken for ice
Doesn’t flow off as easily as Type II fluid
What is hold over time
The amount of time that the anti ice or de ice fluid is effective
HOT is affected by temperature, precipitation, winds, humidity etc.
A transport category aircraft may operate over water with life jackets on board out to what distance?
Up to 400 nautical miles, or the distance that can be covered in 120 minutes of flight at the cruising speed filed in the flight plan or flight itinerary, whichever distance is the lesser, from a suitable emergency landing site.
where can you file a Flight itinerary
FIC/FSS or responsible person
in case of over due aircraft
on Flight Plan:
Search will commence within an hour of overdue time
on Flight Itinerary:
will commence after SAR time has been exceeded on the itinerary
24 hours after last ETA
While in RVSM airspace how much can you deviate from altitude
150 feet climb and descend
flight crew at controls
All flight crew members who are on flight deck duty shall remain at their duty stations with their safety belts fastened and, where the aircraft is below 10,000 feet ASL, with their safety belts, including their shoulder harnesses, fastened unless a flight crew member leaves his/her duty station for the performance of duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft, for physiological needs.
Stormscope lightening detection
detected lightening in all quadrants of aircraft upto 200nm from aircraft
airborne wx radar
it sends a narrow beam from nose of aircraft.
bounces back as soon as it detects any moisture.
may show area clear behind a supercell since the waves get absorbed in the intensity of the super cell
Transponder code 1000
IFR aircraft below 18000 ASL
Transponder code 2000
IFR aircraft at or above 18000 ASL
Transponder code 1200
VFR aircraft at or below 12500
Transponder code 1400
VFR aircraft above 12500
flight dispatcher main responsibilities
Flight watch always takes priority over pre-departure preparation and planning activities
When is an aircraft required to be equipped with weather radar, or thunderstorm detection equipment?
Under 704 and 705 operations with passengers on board in IMC when current weather reports or forecasts indicate that thunderstorms may reasonably be expected along the route to be flown.
Increased Performance Shear
increase in headwind
increase in IAS
decrease in tailwind
nose will pitch up, so you will be higher than glide patch. Need to decrease power to get back down to the patch then increase power to maintain glide path.
Helps in a steeper climb gradient hence avoiding obstacles better
Decreased Performance Shear
decrease in headwind
decrease in IAS
increase in tailwind
nose will pitch down, so you will go below glide patch so you need to add power to climb up to the path then decrease it to stay there.
loss of performance, tend to sink or undershoot aiming point
Vmca for a multi-engined aircraft is determined
With the critical engine inoperative and with the engines at full power at the time of the engine failure, the aircraft is assumed to be loaded at the most rearward approved C of G, the landing gear is retracted, the flaps are at the take-off setting, and the propeller is windmilling.
When on a normal approach path to an up slope runway:
Upslope runway, when viewed on final approach, has the affect of making you think you are too high, thereby causing you to fly a lower than normal approach.
The correct answer is: You appear to be too high on the approach.
When starting a new technical record:
Ensure enough entries are carried over from the previous volume to ensure an unbroken chronological order.
what is a stabilator
Is a combination horizontal stabilizer and elevator whose purpose it is to provide pitch stability.
what is skidding
when too much rudder is applied and too little bank.
ball on opposite side of bank
what is slipping
when too little rudder and too much bank is applied.
ball and bank on same side
Vestibular illusions include:
Entering cloud in a banked attitude, vertigo, the leans, and acceleration and deceleration illusions.
what happens during a black hole approach
during approach at night, you see no horizon, no moonlight or stars, no reference other than runway lights. If there is a city behind the runway the pilot get the ILLUTION ON BEING HIGH and compensates for it flying lower that can lead to accident.
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen to brain
Euphoria develops
Hypoxic hypoxia
lack of oxygen due to change in altutude
Anemic hypoxia
inability of blood to absorb oxygen
smokers- since theres more carbon monoxide, no room for oxygen
Histotoxic hypoxia
body’s cells inability to absorb oxygen
Stagnant hypoxia
pooling of blood ( high G maneuvers)
What are some of the factors that may reduce a pilots situational awareness?
Lack of knowledge, stress, fatigue, personality, false assumptions, fixation.
Time of useful consciousness (TUC)
The amount of time an individual can perform flight duties with inadequate oxygen.
Smoking reduces this time.
Rapid decompressions reduces time by 50%
TUC 20,000
5-12 min
TUC 25,000
2-3 min
TUC 30,000
45-75 sec
TUC 35,000
30-60 sec
TUC 40,000
10-30 sec
TUC 45,000
12-15 sec
TUC 50,000
12 sec or less
Runway surface condition is reported when theres NO WATER but what other substances
slush wet snow loose snow exceeding 1/4 in frost CRFI .04 or less full width of runway is not clear
Airspeed limitation for aircraft below 10,000 ft
not above 250 kts
airspeed limitation when below 3000 ft and 10nm from control zone
not more than 200kts
What is critical point
The point at which it takes the SAME AMOUNT OF TIME to go on to the airport ahead of a/c, as it will to go back to the airport behind the a/c
critical point formula
CP = total distance x GS out / GS out + GS back
GS out = ground speed toward destination
GS back = ground speed toward departure aerodrome
CP = Distance of CP from DESTINATION
If headwind is given: gsout is minus headwind
gdback is add headwind
Difference between critical point and point of no return
CP is distance calculation only
PNR is fuel calculation too!
wake separation in RADAR
super heavy behind super heavy 4mi
heavy behind super heavy 6 mi
medium behind super heavy 7 mi
light behind super heavy 8 mi
heavy behind heavy 4mi
medium behind heavy 5 mi
light behind heavy 6 mi
light behind medium 4 mi
wake separation in NON RADAR
2 min separation applied
Not applied for light behind medium only advisory given
3 min separation applied if ATC thinks the a/c will cross the flight path
On international routes, air carriers are governed by:
The air regulations of the country over which the air carrier is flying and the air regulations of the country in which the aircraft is registered.
The IFR fuel requirements for an aircraft operated under 704 operations are in addition to the alternate fuel requirements:
To descend at any point along the route to the lower of the single-engined service ceiling, or 10,000 feet; to cruise at that altitude to a suitable aerodrome; to conduct an approach and a missed approach; and to hold for 30 minutes at an altitude of 1,500 feet above the elevation of the aerodrome.
Holding speed below 6000
200 KIAS
Holding speed above 6000 to 14,000
230 KIAS
Holding speed above 14,000
265 KIAS
explain net takeoff flight path (NTFP)
The net take-off flight path of an aircraft must clear all obstacles by at least 30 feet vertically or at least 200 feet horizontally within the aerodrome boundaries, and by at least 300 horizontally outside those boundaries.
To conduct an RVR 1200 feet visibility take-off
The captain must have successfully completed low visibility take-off training; the captain must conduct the take-off; the captain must have 100 hours P.I.C. on type; the aircraft attitude instruments shall have pitch attitude index lines above and below the zero pitch reference to at least 15 degrees; and the runway has serviceable and functioning high intensity runway lights or runway centreline markings.
standard pressure to altimeter setting
make change always when in standard pressure region
When must you comply with ICAO flight rules?
Over the high seas and over foreign states where they do not conflict with the rules of that state.
Where would you find information on what to report in the event of an aircraft accident?
AIM
what kind of wing increases Dutch roll tendency
dihedral, sweepback and high wing
anhedral wing has opp effect
In an aircraft anti skid braking system:
A sensor detects tire deceleration and releases the brakes to each of the tires as necessary to prevent skidding.
In icing conditions, the aircraft stall warning system
will not be accurate
what is subsonic
all flow everywhere around the aircraft is less than the speed of sound
what is transonic
some flow is subsonic and some is supersonic
what is chord
line from leading edge to trailing edge of wing
angle of incidence
angle between longitudinal axis and chord line
what is point of no return
the greatest distance of time an aircraft can fly past the last landable airfield and then return to that airfield with a safe fuel reserve.
PNR formula
T = Endurance x GSback / GSout + GSback
Endurance = total fuel on board minus reserve fuel
CAT I approach
basic ILS approach
all IFR rated pilots are eligible
operations permitted down to 200ft DH
1/2 SM or RVR 2600
CAT II approach
Requires special runway, a/c and pilot training
operation are permitted down to 100ft DH
RVR A 1200 and RVR B 600
CAT III A approach
100ft DH
RVR A, B, C not less than 600
CAT III B approach
50ft DH
RVR A , B, c not less than 600 but not less than 150ft
CAT III C approach
no DH, no RVR AUTOLAND
45 bank angle
1.4g
60 bank angle
2g
15 bank angle
1.04g
75 bank angle
4g
aspect ratio formula
aspect ratio= wing span / wing chord
what happens when AOA increases
stall speed increases
lift increases
induced drag increases
stall speed in turn formula
vs x square root of load factor
maneuvering speed formula
va = vs x 1.9
speed of sound formula
S = 39 x square root of temp kelvin
kelvin = Celsius + 273
mach # formula
TAS / speed of sound
type J ARCAL
5 times
type K ARCAL
7 times
alternate minima
2 or more precision runways
400-1 or 200- 1/2
alternate minima
1 precision runway
600-2 or 300-1
no precision runway
800-2 or 300-1
Vb
max gust intensity
