General

Question 1

Gram +ve coccus

Answer 1

Staph + strep

Enterococcus

Question 2

Gram -ve coccus

Answer 2

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Question 3

Gram +ve rods

Answer 3

Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium difficile
Corynebacterium - diptheria

Question 4

Gram -ve bacillus

Answer 4

Enterobacteriacae:

• E. Coli
• Klebsiella
• Salmonella

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus influenzae

Question 5

Person factors

Answer 5

• Age
• Gender
• Physiology - alcohol
• Pathological state - diabetes and other comorbidities
• Social factors - homeless, IV drugs

Question 6

Time

Answer 6

• calendar time - seasonal and length of symptoms e.g. Norovirus and influenzae
• Relative time - incubation period

Question 7

Mechanisms of infection

Answer 7

• Contiguous (direct) spread - abscess, bone and meningitis - e.g cellulitis
• Haematogenous spread - septicaemia/ septic emboli - common in staph aureus e.g. Infective bacterial endocarditis
• Inoculation - IV drug users, viral hepatitis
• Ingestion - gastroenteritis, typhoid - mostly feaco- oral route
• Inhalation - colds, influenza, TB - mostly respiratory infections
• Vector - malaria and lyme disease

• Vertical transmission - HIV, rubella and syphilis
Sexual transmission - HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia

Question 8

Size of pathogens

Answer 8

Smallest - largest

Proteins 
Virus 
Mitochondria 
Bacteria 
Fungus 
Parasites