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Spare PgCert AI genearted cards > Gene Regulation COPY > Flashcards

Gene Regulation COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of gene regulation in development?

A

In development, totipotent cells become pluripotent and then differentiate into unipotent cells.

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2
Q

How can specialized subtypes convert to another?

A

Specialized subtypes can convert to another by overexpressing transcription factors (TFs).

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3
Q

What errors can occur in gene regulation?

A

Errors in gene regulation can contribute to unregulated cell growth and division.

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4
Q

What is the overview of gene regulation in eukaryotes?

A

Regulating the synthesis of the primary transcript regulates everything downstream.

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5
Q

What are upstream regulators?

A

Upstream regulators modulate activity with enzymes, transcription factors, co-repressors, and co-activators.

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6
Q

Are transcription and translation coupled in eukaryotes?

A

Transcription and translation are not coupled in eukaryotes.

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7
Q

What is chromatin configuration?

A

Chromatin configuration refers to the structure of chromatin, including nucleosomes and modifications.

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8
Q

What is a nucleosome composed of?

A

A nucleosome is composed of a protein octamer (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) x2 and 146 bp of DNA.

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9
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin is loosely packed, allowing transcription factors to bind and transcription to be active.

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10
Q

What modifications occur in euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin features unmethylated cytosines and acetylated histones.

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11
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Heterochromatin is densely packed, preventing transcription factors from binding or initiating transcription.

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12
Q

What modifications occur in heterochromatin?

A

Heterochromatin contains methylated cytosines.

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13
Q

What are CpG islands?

A

CpG islands are regions in the promoter where methylation occurs, affecting gene expression.

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14
Q

What do DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) do?

A

DNMTs convert hemi-methylated DNA to fully methylated DNA, allowing the inheritability of the methylation pattern.

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms of DNA methylation?

A

Mechanisms include blocking transcription factor binding, recruiting other enzymes, and inducing mutations.

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16
Q

What is the role of MBD proteins?

A

MBD proteins are recruited to interact with histone deacetylases (HDAC) to alter chromatin structure.

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17
Q

What is the function of HDAC?

A

HDAC removes acetyl groups from histones, leading to deacetylation.

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18
Q

What are epigenetic modifications?

A

Epigenetic modifications alter chromatin state via DNA methylation and histone modifications.

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19
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A promoter is located immediately upstream of the 5’ end of a gene.

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20
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

The TATA box is a site for binding TATA-binding protein (TBP), initiating transcription.

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21
Q

What are promoter-proximal elements?

A

Promoter-proximal elements are within 200 bp of a gene and bind specific transcription factors.

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22
Q

What are enhancers and silencers?

A

Enhancers and silencers are distal regulatory regions that may be on different chromosomes.

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23
Q

What do general transcription factors do?

A

General transcription factors form a pre-initiation complex by binding to the promoter.

24
Q

What is RNA polymerase II responsible for?

A

RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA, miRNA, and snRNAs.

25
Q

What is the function of miRNAs?

A

miRNAs regulate gene expression by repressing genes post-transcription.

26
Q

What is the role of snRNAs?

A

snRNAs are involved in splicing mRNA via spliceosomes.

27
Q

What does 5’ capping do?

A

5’ capping adds a guanosine triphosphate cap to pre-mRNA, protecting it from degradation.

28
Q

What is polyadenylation?

A

Polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to the 3’ end of mRNA, signaling the end of transcription.

29
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

RNA splicing involves spliceosomes removing introns and splicing together exons.

30
Q

What is constitutive splicing?

A

Constitutive splicing generates a single isoform of mRNA.

31
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Alternative splicing enables multiple isoforms from a single gene by rearranging exons.

32
Q

What are hormone response elements (HRE)?

A

HREs are sites where hormones bind to nuclear receptors that then bind to DNA.

33
Q

What is the function of AP-1?

A

AP-1 is regulated by growth factors, stress, and transmembrane signals.

34
Q

What does CRE stand for?

A

CRE stands for cyclic AMP response element, which is regulated by cAMP and Ca.

35
Q

What is the role of SP-1?

A

SP-1 regulates basal unregulated transcriptional activity.

36
Q

What is the Ets family of transcription factors?

A

The Ets family regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

37
Q

What does NF-kB mediate?

A

NF-kB mediates inflammatory and immune responses and regulates cell survival.

38
Q

What is the function of E2F?

A

E2F regulates genes in cell cycle progression, especially from G1 to S phase.

39
Q

What are DNA binding domains?

A

DNA binding domains are regions in transcription factors that interact with specific DNA sequences.

40
Q

What is a helix-turn-helix motif?

A

A helix-turn-helix motif consists of an alpha helix, a beta turn, and another alpha helix.

41
Q

What is a zinc finger?

A

A zinc finger is a structural motif that coordinates a zinc ion with cysteine and histidine residues.

42
Q

What is a leucine zipper?

A

A leucine zipper is formed by interdigitating alpha-helices that promote protein dimerization.

43
Q

What is the transactivation domain?

A

The transactivation domain is a binding site for co-activators or co-repressors.

44
Q

What is chromatin remodeling?

A

Chromatin remodeling involves recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes to alter chromatin structure.

45
Q

What is transcriptional repression?

A

Transcriptional repression blocks access to promoters and enhancers.

46
Q

What is the decoy function of some transcription factors?

A

The decoy function prevents other transcription factors from binding to DNA.

47
Q

What is the role of dimerization domains?

A

Dimerization domains allow transcription factors to form heterodimers that modulate transcription.

48
Q

What is autoregulation in transcription factors?

A

Autoregulation occurs when a transcription factor binds to its own promoter.

49
Q

What are AU-rich elements (AREs)?

A

AREs in the 3’ UTR of mRNA cause de-adenylation and degradation of the mRNA.

50
Q

How does phosphorylation affect transcription factors?

A

Phosphorylation can activate or deactivate transcription factors.

51
Q

What are early events in metastasis related to transcription factors?

A

Early events include cell fate misregulation, inflammation, and response to hypoxic conditions.

52
Q

What is the role of Oct-4?

A

Oct-4 is expressed in pluripotent cells and regulates differentiation.

53
Q

What do Sox2 and NANOG do?

A

Sox2 and NANOG interact with Oct-4 to regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation.

54
Q

What are enhancer transcripts (eRNAs)?

A

eRNAs facilitate transcription factor binding to enhancers and core promoter regions.

55
Q

What is the process of miRNA maturation?

A

miRNAs are processed in the nucleus, exported to the cytoplasm, and then bind to RISC.

56
Q

What are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)?

A

lncRNAs are greater than 200 nucleotides long and lack an open reading frame.

Spare PgCert AI genearted cards (6 decks)

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