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Spare PgCert AI genearted cards > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is Interphase?

A

Interphase consists of G1, Synthesis, and G2 phases.

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2
Q

What occurs during G1 (Gap 1)?

A

Growth of the cell and checks of the DNA.

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3
Q

What occurs during Synthesis phase?

A

Duplication of chromosomes.

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4
Q

What occurs during G2 (Gap 2)?

A

Checks DNA synthesis completed properly and further growth.

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division that includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

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6
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Condensing of chromosomes, formation of kinetochores, nuclear envelope breaks down, and mitotic spindle forms.

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7
Q

What happens during Prometaphase?

A

Duplicated chromosomes attach to the spindle.

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8
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at the cell equator.

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9
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move towards the spindle poles.

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10
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, and spindle disappears.

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11
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Physical separation into two new daughter cells at the end of mitosis.

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12
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

Resting phase, out of the cycle; differentiated cells are normally in G0.

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13
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Meiosis involves DNA replication prior to meiosis I and results in four haploid nuclei.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

Ensures the next generation has a diploid number of cells and a combination of traits different from either parent.

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15
Q

What occurs during Prophase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Dyad pairs align to create tetrads and crossing over occurs.

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16
Q

What occurs during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Spindle fibers attach to dyad at kinetochore, aligning tetrads at the cell equator.

17
Q

What occurs during Anaphase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Chiasmata break apart and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles.

18
Q

What occurs during Telophase 1 of Meiosis?

A

Cleavage furrow forms, initiating cytokinesis.

19
Q

What is Interkinesis?

A

Rest period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2.

20
Q

What occurs during Meiosis 2?

A

Similar to mitosis but with only 23 chromosomes.

21
Q

What are Cyclins?

A

Regulatory subunits governing progression of the cell cycle.

22
Q

How many Cyclins are there?

A

There are 13+ cyclins.

23
Q

How are Cyclins degraded?

A

Degraded via the ubiquitin/proteosome pathway.

24
Q

What is the role of Cyclin D?

A

Promotes G0 to G1 transition and G1 progression.

25
Q

What is the function of Cyclin E?

A

Initiation and progression of DNA replication.

26
Q

What is the role of Cyclin A?

A

Initiation and progression of DNA replication.

27
Q

What is the function of Cyclin B?

A

Entering mitosis and progression past anaphase.

28
Q

What does Rb regulate?

A

Rb regulates the activity of TF E2F, which controls the expression of cyclins and genes needed in S phase.

29
Q

What happens to Rb in the resting state (G1)?

A

Rb binds and inhibits E2F, blocking transactivation.

30
Q

What is the effect of growth factor stimulus on Rb?

A

Stimulates expression of Cyclin D, which phosphorylates Rb and releases E2F.

31
Q

What are Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)?

A

Enzymes that regulate the cell cycle by associating with cyclins.

32
Q

What is the role of CDK inhibitors?

A

They bind to CDKs and interfere with their activity.

33
Q

What is the significance of p21?

A

Inhibits virtually all CDKs and mediates G arrest in DNA damage.

34
Q

What is the role of p27?

A

Implicated in G1 arrest and inhibits Rb phosphorylation.

35
Q

What is the cell cycle in embryonic stem cells?

A

Greatly reduced time in G phase and increased time in S phase.

36
Q

How do cyclins relate to cancer?

A

Cyclins can be overexpressed in cancers, leading to uncontrolled cell cycle progression.

37
Q

What is the effect of recombinant adenovirus expressing p27?

A

Induces cell cycle arrest and loss of cyclin-CDK activity in breast cancer cells.

38
Q

What is the role of chemotherapy in relation to CDKs?

A

Inhibition of CDKs leads to inhibition of cell cycle progression.

39
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Defective in cancer cells, they can be targeted for treatment.

Spare PgCert AI genearted cards (6 decks)

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