Gene Nutrient Interactions Flashcards
Explain Nutrigenetics
Nutrigenetics examines how genetic variation affects the response of an organism to a given diet, evaluating the risks and benefits of specific diets and dietary components and formulating “personalised nutrition” recommendations.
Explain Nutrigenomics
Nutrigenomics investigates how nutrients (Bioactive food compounds) affect & effect chromatic presentation and gene expression
Explain the nutritional genomics in Nutrigenetics:
Nutrient absorption
Nutrient utilisation
Food/Nutrients
Tolerance
Nutrient requirements
Explain the nutritional genomics in Nutrigenomics:
Genome evolution/selection
Genome mutation rate
in-utero genome viability
Genome programming
Gene expression
Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics straddle
multiple research fields:
Nutrition
Bioinformatics
Molecular biology
Genomics
Genetics
Epidemiology
Epigenomics & Epigenetics
Transcriptomics
Metabolomics
Proteomics
Lipidomics
The microbiome (commensals and pathogens)
Explain personalised nutrition:
a diet addressed to an individual and based upon her/his genotype, nutritional requirements and other factors (age and gender). It is expected that personalised nutrition will prevent diet related chronic diseases
What are the 3 nutrition-gene interactions?
- Genetic variation
- Epigenetic interactions
- Direct interactions
Explain genetic variation:
Common genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can alter the expression or functionality of genes.
Explain epigenetic interactions:
Nutrients can alter the structure of DNA and chromatin, so that DNA replication and gene expression is chronically altered
Explain direct interactions:
Nutrients, sometimes after
interacting with a receptor, behave as transcription factors that can bind to DNA and acutely induce gene expression.
What is the most common form of genomic variation in human genome?
single nucleotide polymorphisms
Explain Choline metabolism:
- Genetic variation
- Human daily requirements for dietary choline are much higher for approximately 50 percent of the population. These people are mostly those with one or more genetic variants associated with choline metabolism and methylation.
What is associated with disease risk and greater susceptibility to organ dysfunction under conditions of dietary choline restriction?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in choline metabolising genes
The MMACHC gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps convert vitamin B12 (also called cobalamin) into one of two molecules:
- Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)
- Methylcobalamin (MeCbl)
Why is AdoCbl required?
for the normal function of an enzyme known as methylmalonyl CoA mutase. This enzyme helps break down certain protein building blocks (amino acids), fat building blocks (fatty acids), and cholesterol.
Which enzyme converts the amino acid homocysteine to another amino acid, methionine?
MeCbl
Which gene is associated with vitamin B12 status?
rs12272669
What are copy-number variations (CNVs)?
Are alterations of the DNA of a genome that results in the cell having an abnormal number of copies of one or more sections of the DNA
Explain epigenetic interactions:
Nutrients (or lack thereof) can alter the chromatic presentation so that gene expression is altered, this might result in imprinting, programming or adaptation. Eg lactase, folate
Where does stressors can impact?
imprinting, programming or development
Explain genomic imprinting:
Phenotypic variations that depend solely on the
parental origin of the chromosomes. Humans can not survive without both maternal and paternal contributions, these are differently ‘imprinted’
Where does imprinting occurs?
Before or during gamete formation
How does imprinting occur?
Appears to affect chromosomal regions or domains rather than single genes.
Gene silencing is associated with DNA methylation.
Where does methyl groups are typically added?
at position 5 of the pyrimidine cytosine
