Gene Expression and Biotechnology Flashcards
Enhancer
Noncoding DNA that binds to transcription factor which aids transcription in eukaryotic cells
Activator
Cell that directs gene expression of another cell or group of cells during development
Tryp Operon
Automatic setting is on in the absence of tryptophan, induced when a repressor with a co-repressor tryptophan are present
Lac Operon
Automatic setting is off, when lactose is absent the repressor is active, Lactose binds to the repressor and changes the shape and releases the operator
siRNA and miRNA
They both can associate with the same protein providing similar results, Both located in the Cytoplasm, Both regulate gene expression
Genomic Library
A collection of overlapping segments of genomic DNA, cloned into a backbone vector, which statistically includes all regions of the genome of an organism
Sticky Ends
end of a DNA double helix at which a few unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other, cut by restriction enzymes
cDNA
complementary DNA- DNA reverse transcribed from mature fully processed mRNA using reverse transcriptase, cDNA can be placed in prokaryotic cells because they do not possess introns to cut out the eukaryotic gene during the transcription process
DNA Methylation
Coils up the DNA, restricting transcription from occurring causing the gene expression to stop functioning
Histone Acetylation
Loosens up DNA, allows gene expression to function, genes become more accessible for trnascription
How do cells control gene expression at protein level
Regulate the translation of mRNA into proteins, in prokaryotes they rely on proteins
Gene Therapy
the alteration of an afflicted individuals genes, tries to repair mistakes in individuals genetic material
Cytoplasmic Determinants
maternal substances in the cytoplasm of the egg that is unevenly distributed and affect gene expression
Embryonic Induction
when neighboring cells influence each others gene expression during early development
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Series of heating(separates DNA strands) and cooling(allow DNA nucleotides to be added). Used to build DNA(Tagged Polymerase)
