Chapter 13 DNA and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Transformation

Answer 1

a process which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell (Griffith and Avery)

Question 2

Griffith

Answer 2

transformed bacteria; transforming factor was heritable (S and R cells, pathogenic and non-pathogenic)

Question 3

Avery

Answer 3

concluded that DNA is the molecule of heredity

Question 4

Hershey and Chase

Answer 4

radio-labeled proteins, labeled the DNA, concluded radioactive proteins never enter the cell

Question 5

Chargoff

Answer 5

made rule ( A = T and G = C ) = 100% of the DNA

Question 6

Franklin

Answer 6

X- rayed images of DNA, all measurements on the chemistry of DNA

Question 7

Watson and Crick

Answer 7

Discovered the double helix, built the first 3d structure of DNA

Question 8

Semi-conservative model

Answer 8

DNA molecule acts as a template consisting of one parental strand and one new strand of DNA

Question 9

Meselson and Stahl

Answer 9

proved that DNA is semi-conservative

Question 10

Origin of Replication

Answer 10

Where DNA is going to start to replicate through the process of replication forming a replication fork

Question 11

Helicase

Answer 11

enzymes that unzips the two strands of DNA; breaks hydrogen bonds between bases

Question 12

Single strand binding proteins

Answer 12

stabilize single strands once separated

Question 13

Topoisomerase

Answer 13

enzymes that works ahead of the replication fork to relieve strain ( prevent knots )

Question 14

Primer

Answer 14

where replication starts; made up of RNA nucleotides

Question 15

Primase

Answer 15

attaches primer to get strand of DNA started; ends in -ase (enzyme)

Question 16

DNA polymerase I

Answer 16

replaces RNA primers with DNA

Question 17

DNA polymerase III

Answer 17

adds complimentary bases to the leading strand (5’ has an additional phosphate that doesn’t allow it to receive the nucleotides, 3’ doesn’t)

Question 18

Leading strand

Answer 18

5’ to 3’

Question 19

Lagging strand

Answer 19

built in chunks called okazaki fragments; 3’ to 5’ (copied in a series of segments)

Question 20

Okazaki fragments

Answer 20

short segments of DNA that grow from 5’ to 3’ and are added on to the lagging strand

Question 21

DNA ligase

Answer 21

seals together the okazaki fragments (acts as glue)

Question 22

Mismatch repair

Answer 22

special repair enzymes that fix incorrectly paired nucleotides (ATGC)

Question 23

Nuclease

Answer 23

cuts damaged DNA; also called nucleotide excision repair

Question 24

Telomeres

Answer 24

noncoding DNA at the end of chromosomes to act as a buffer to prevent erosion; short repetitive DNA sequences that don’t contain genes

Question 25

Telomerase

Answer 25

enzyme that helps regrow telomeres