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Biology > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three possible consequences of substitution of bases?

A
  • The formation of a stop codon, cutting off the amino acid sequence prematurely,
  • The formation of a new codon and a singe different amino acid,
  • The formation of a new codon that codes for the same amino acid so there is no change.
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2
Q

What happens when a base is deleted?

A

Causes a frame shift left so most triplets will be incorrect.

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3
Q

Name 6 gene mutations.

A
  • Substitution,
  • Deletion,
  • Addition,
  • Duplication of bases,
  • Inversion of bases,
  • Translocation of bases.
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4
Q

What happens when a base is added?

A

Causes a frame shift right, so most triplets will be incorrect.

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5
Q

What is duplication of bases and what happens?

A

One or more bases are repeated, produces a frame shift right.

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6
Q

What is inversion of bases?

A

A group of bases becomes separated the rejoin at the same position in the inverse order.

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7
Q

What is translocation of bases?

A

A group of bases become separated from the DNA sequence on one chromosome and become inserted into the DNA sequence of a different chromosome.

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8
Q

Name 2 mutagenic agents.

A

High energy ionising radiations and chemicals.

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9
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

Has the ability to give rise to all types of cells, such as fertilised eggs.

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10
Q

What is the name for cells which can differentiate into other types of cell?

A

Stem cells.

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11
Q

Name 4 types of stem cell.

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells,
  2. Umbilical cord blood stem cells,
  3. Placental stem cells,
  4. Adult stem cells.
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12
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell and give two examples?

A

Can differentiate into almost any type of cell. Eg. embryonic stem cells and fetal stem cells.

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13
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell and where are they found?

A

Can differentiate into a limited number of specialised cells. Found in adults.

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14
Q

What is a unipotent stem cell and where are they made?

A

Can only differentiate into one type of cell, they are made in adult tissue.

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15
Q

What is an iPS cell?

A

Body cells (unipotent cells) which have been genetically altered to give them characteristics of embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent.

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16
Q

Describe the effect of oestrogen on gene transcription.

A

Oestrogen diffuses into cells (is lipid-soluble) and then binds with a complementary transcriptional factor, this changes the shape of the transcriptional factors DNA binding site so it can bind to DNA. This enters nucleus binding to base sequence and initiating transcription.

17
Q

What is the epigenome?

A

Chemical tags on DNA which are influenced by the environment.

18
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA histone complex

19
Q

What affect does adding an acetyl group have on DNA and transcription?

A

Decreases the attraction of phosphates on DNA and histones so the DNA is less tightly wound and the promoter regions that transcription factors bind to are available. There for mRNA can be produced - the gene is switched on.

20
Q

What affect does adding a methyl group have on DNA and transcription?

A

The methyl group is added to cytosine and can prevent the binding of transcriptional factors to the promoter region or can attract proteins they condense the DNA-histone complex making the DNA inaccessible.

21
Q

How can methylation cause cancers?

A

If the promoter region of genes which produce proteins that prevent mutations or prevent uncontrolled cell growth are highly methylated.

22
Q

How can RNA interfere with gene expression?

A

By breaking down mRNA before it can be translocated.

23
Q

How is siRNA produced?

A

An enzyme cuts large double-stranded molecules of RNA into smaller sections which then combines with an enzyme.

24
Q

How does the siRNA break down mRNA?

A

The siRNA guides the enzyme it is attached to to mRNA by pairing up its bases with the complementary ones on the single stranded mRNA. The enzyme then cuts the mRNA into smaller sections.

25
Q

What are cancerous and non-cancerous tumours called?

A

Malignant and benign.

26
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A mutation of a proto-oncogene. These stimulate cells to divide. The mutation can cause it to remain switched on if

  • the receptor protein on the cell surface membrane is permanently activated,
  • the oncogene codes for a growth factor than stimulates division.
27
Q

Give 3 forms of tumour suppressor genes

A

TP53
BRCA1
BRCA2

28
Q

What is the p53 protein involved in?

A

apoptosis

29
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

The science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

30
Q

What is whole genome shotgun sequencing?

A

The DNA is cut into many small, easily sequenced sections, then computer algorithms align overlapping segments to assemble the entire genome.

31
Q

Why is determining the proteome of prokaryotic cells easy?

A

There is only one circular piece of DNA that is not associated with histones.
There are no introns which are typical of eukaryotes.

Biology (23 decks)

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