Gene Expression Flashcards
Compare and contrast prokaryotic DNA to eukaryotic DNA.
Eukaryotic DNA: DNA found in the Nucleus, linear chromosomes
Prokaryotic DNA: DNA is found in the nucleoid region, chromosomes are circular
Understand the base pairing rules and how to determine the quantities of each with given information. Example: If a segment of DNA is made up of 22% thymine, what are the percentages of the other 3 bases.
A = 22%
G = 28%
C = 28%
If an error occurs in DNA replication, how do we fix it?
We can fix it through proofreading through the DNA polymerase
Be able to explain how DNA is replicated and the sequence of events to replicate DNA.
Helicase, SSBPs, Primase, DNA polymerase, leading strand, lagging strand and Okazaki fragments, RNA primers, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, telomerase, DNA polymerase
Be able to explain the process of gene expression including transcription, translation, and protein folding.
Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA., Initiation, Elongation and Termination,
Translation: mRNA is translated by ribosomes to form a polypeptide chain., Initiation, Elongation and Termination
Protein Folding: Polypeptide to Functional Protein, the polypeptide chain folds into its functional three-dimensional structure.
Be able to give the complimentary strand of DNA when given a template strand. Ex: What is the complimentary strand of this DNA sequence 5’- CAACACRAA-3’.
3’ - GTTGTGTT – 5’
Be able to take a strand of DNA and code it for the mRNA codon, the tRNA anti-codon, and the amino acid sequence.
DNA-mRNA – ATG —> UAC
TRNA Anticodon - UAC —> AUG
Amino Acid Sequence – AUG —> Methionine
Explain all the different types of mutations, where do they target and what is their resulting impact to the gene expression process? (Point Mutations)
Point Mutations: Change a single nucleotide pair of a gene
Silent Mutations: change still codes for the same amino acid Missense Mutations: change results in a different amino acid Nonsense Mutations: change results in a stop codon
Frameshift Mutations: when the reading frame of the genetic information is altered
Explain all the different types of mutations, where do they target and what is their resulting impact to the gene expression process? (Large Scale Mutations)
Large Scale Mutations: Mutations that affect chromosomes
Nondisjuction: when chromosomes do not separate properly in meiosis Translation: A segment of one chromosome moves to another Inversions: A segment is reversed Duplications: A segment is repeated
Deletions: A segment is lost
What is selective breeding? What are some techniques used for selective breeding? How might a breeder induce mutations?
Selective breeding is the process of mating organisms with desired traits to produce offspring with those traits. Inducing mutations can be done through chemical mutagens, radiation, gene editing, or environmental stress.
Be able to explain the link between mutations and evolution through specific examples and terminology from the unit.
Through processes such as adaptation and speciation, mutations contribute to the evolution of new species, allowing organisms to better survive in their environment.
Explain how gel electrophoreses works and when it is used in real world applications.
Gel electrophoreses is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size, DNA is loaded into wells on one end of a gel and an electric current is applied. Gel electrophoreses can be used in genetic research and biotechnology
Compare and contrast small scale mutations with large scale mutations.
Small scale mutations change a single nucleotide of a pair of gene and large-scale mutations are mutations that affect the chromosomes
Provide and example of how the process of gene expression can result in differentiation of cells with specific structures, functions, and roles to play in the body.
Gene expression activates specific genes, like MyoD, in undifferentiated cells, turning them into muscle cells that can contract. These cells form muscle fibers, enabling movement in the body.
