Gene expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product (protein).

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2
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

The two nucleic acids are DNA and RNA . They are polymers (giant molecules) made up of units called nucleotides.

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3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.

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4
Q

RNA structure

A

A single strand of nucleotides (A, G, U, C). Relatively short and transient molecule

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5
Q

Role of DNA

A

The instructions for cell structure and function

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6
Q

Coding strand

A

The side of the DNA that is identical to the mRNA strand (bar U and T) and is not involved in transcription

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7
Q

Template strand

A

The side of DNA molecule which is copied during protein synthesis

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8
Q

Triplet

A

A group of 3 bases coding for a specific amino acid in the DNA

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9
Q

Codon

A

A group of 3 bases in mRNA coding for a specific amino acid

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10
Q

Anti-codon

A

3 bases in tRNA coding complementary to the codon in mRNA

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11
Q

Proteins

A

A folded polypeptide chain

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12
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA carries the genetic.code from the nucleus to the ribosomes

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13
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

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14
Q

Translation

A

Changing an mRNA into a polypeptide chain

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Copying a gene from DNA into mRNA

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16
Q

Deletion

A

A form of mutation where one or more of the DNA bases is removed from the DNA chain and lost forever

17
Q

Insertion

A

A form of DNA mutation where one or more bases is added (inserted) into DNA chain, changing the genetic coding of the chain dramatically

18
Q

Substitution

A

A form of DNA mutation involving the replacement or substitution of a single nucleotide base with another

19
Q

Reading Frame-Shift

A

A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of base(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons downstream of the mutation.

20
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction is the reactant in the next reaction.

21
Q

substrate

A

the molecule that an enzyme acts on. it has a specific shape that fits the enzyme

22
Q

enzyme

A

are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway

23
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all the enzyme-controlled reactions that occur in a cell

24
Q

how mutation works in a gene and how does it effect enzymes

A

If only gene A is mutated, this means enzyme A is not functional/not made. If enzyme A does not work, it means that the substrate will not be converted to the end product and will accumulate,

25
Q

Structure of a protein(not.p.p.chain)

A

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

26
Q

Same-sense

A

base subition that doesnt result in an change in the animo acid sequence/which was coded for and has no visible nor harmful or beneficial effects

27
Q

Mis-sense

A

a mutation causes a change in the sequence of amino acids and can cause severe changes to protein and could be non-functional and harmful

28
Q

Non-sense

A

is when a mutation causes a change in DNA coding for a stop codon early than expected which generally leads to a non-functional protein

29
Q

DNA structure

A

DNA is double stranded molecule made of deoxyribose sugar, a base (c,t,a,g) and a phosphate group. It is a double helix