Gender Theory

Question 1

What is the name of Lakoff’s model?

Answer 1

The Deference Model

Question 2

What did Lakoff say about Women’s Language?

Answer 2

That there are 10 features specific to it

Question 3

What are the 10 features in Lakoff’s Deference Model?

Answer 3

Hedges, superpolitness, hypercorrectness, tag questions, speaking in italics, empty adjectives, use of implication, special lexicon, question intonation, no sense of humour

Question 4

Who criticised Lakoff?

Answer 4

Dubois and Crouch

Question 5

What did Dubois and Crouch find in their criticism?

Answer 5

Men use more tag questions. However, these tags are not used to try and gain support and are used instead to maintain discussion or be polite and show cooperation

Question 6

The Dominance Model is a response to which model?

Answer 6

The Deference Model

Question 7

The Dominance Model states that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to?

Answer 7

undermine and dominate them.

Question 8

Zimmerman and West looked at dominance through?

Answer 8

Turn taking

Question 9

Which two irregularities in turn taking did Zimmerman and West look at?

Answer 9

Overlaps and Interruptions

Question 10

Overlaps are very close to the?

Answer 10

TRP (Transactional Relevance Point)

Question 11

Interruptions are seen as v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the turn taking process

Answer 11

Violations

Question 12

Interruptions are not near the?

Answer 12

TRP

Question 13

Interruptions are far more common in which gender?

Answer 13

Men

Question 14

Who criticised Zimmerman and West?

Answer 14

Beattie

Question 15

What did Beattie say about the size of the data sample?

Answer 15

It was very small

Question 16

What did Beattie challenge Zimmerman and West’s interpretation of?

Answer 16

Interruptions

Question 17

Who else criticised Zimmerman and West?

Answer 17

Eakens and Eakens

Question 18

Eakens and Eakens found that _ _ _ _ _ _ as well as gender determined whether someone would get interrupted or not

Answer 18

status

Question 19

Eakens and Eakens found that there was a “h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ preference” as people of a higher status were not interrupted as much

Answer 19

Hierarchal

Question 20

Why are minimal responses used?

Answer 20

To show active participation in a conversation

Question 21

Which type of minimal response did Zimmerman and West identify in their study?

Answer 21

Delayed Minimal Response

Question 22

Delayed Minimal Reponses are when a speaker gives a minimal response at the appropriate point but only after a

Answer 22

Pause

Question 23

Delayed minimal responses show that a listener is demonstrating a lack of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for the conversation.

Answer 23

interest and enthusiasm

Question 24

Fishman noted that women used the tag question ‘y’know’ how many times more than men?

Answer 24

5 times

Question 25

Fishman claimed that tag questions such as 'y'know' are used as an attempt by the woman speaking to stimulate a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from her male interlocutor.

Answer 25

response

Question 26

Janet Holmes identified two types of tag questions. What are they?

Answer 26

Speaker-orientated and addressee-orientated

Question 27

Speaker-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

Answer 27

The speaker

Question 28

Addressee-orientated tags are used for the benefit of whom?

Answer 28

The listener

Question 29

What did Janet Holmes's study find that is contrary to Lakoff's claims?

Answer 29

That men and women use the same number of tags

Question 30

What is the name of the theorist who found that women introduce more topics than men?

Answer 30

Victoria DeFransisco

Question 31

What did DeFransisco say that women did in order to keep their conversations going?

Answer 31

Work harder

Question 32

DeFransisco said that women are less successful at getting their conversation?

Answer 32

Accepted

Question 33

DeFransisco said that women undertake 'C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and adapt their conversations to help men.

Answer 33

'Conversational Shitwork'

Question 34

De Francisco claimed that male silence and i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is used to control conversation.

Answer 34

inexpressiveness

Question 35

Helena Leet-Pelligrini discovered that gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are both good predictors of conversation dominance.

Answer 35

expertise

Question 36

Leet-Pelligrini said that male experts are the _ _ _ _ verbose

Answer 36

most

Question 37

Leet-Pelligrini said that female non-experts are the _ _ _ _ _ verbose

Answer 37

least

Question 38

The Difference Model states that men and women use language for different?

Answer 38

purposes

Question 39

Tannen said that men and women's language is different because of differences in upbringing and social _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 39

conditioning

Question 40

According to Tannen, women's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is used to establish and maintain relationships.

Answer 40

rapport

Question 41

According to Tannen, men's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is predominantly used to give information.

Answer 41

report

Question 42

In The Different Model women are seen to be conditioned or socialised into seeing talk as 'the _ _ _ _ that holds relationships together'.

Answer 42

glue

Question 43

What is the binary opposite of the following: Status v _________

Answer 43

support

Question 44

What is the binary opposite of the following: Independence v _________

Answer 44

Intimacy

Question 45

What is the binary opposite of the following: advice v __________

Answer 45

understanding

Question 46

What is the binary opposite of the following: information v __________

Answer 46

Feelings

Question 47

What is the binary opposite of the following: orders v __________

Answer 47

Proposals

Question 48

Tannen identified two kinds of Turn Violations. Name them.

Answer 48

Uncooperative Overlaps and Cooperative Overlaps

Question 49

Tannen states that Co-operative overlaps are a sign of " H _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ speakers."

Answer 49

high involvement

Question 50

Anna Bodine claimed that language is 'A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ '

Answer 50

Androcentric

Question 51

Anne Bodine said that language favours which gender?

Answer 51

Men

Question 52

Anne Bodine said that in speech, women are judged by?

Answer 52

Male standards

Question 53

Deborah Jones claims that women's talk falls into one of four categories. Name the four categories

Answer 53

House Talk Chatting Bitching Scandal

Question 54

What is the name of Jane Pilkington's study?

Answer 54

The Bakery Study

Question 55

What did Jane Pilkington study in a bakery for 9 months?

Answer 55

same-sex conversations

Question 56

Pilkington found that women use talk to affirm what?

Answer 56

Solidarity

Question 57

How often do women agree with each other in Pilkington's study?

Answer 57

Frequently

Question 58

Pilkington found that men find long pauses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 58

Acceptable

Question 59

Carmen Fought said that girls and young women popularise vocal trends and slang, and use embellishments in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ways.

Answer 59

sophisticated

Question 60

Carmen Fought said that "If women do something like uptalk or vocal fry, it's immediately interpreted as insecure, emotional or even stupid. The truth is this: Young women take linguistic features and use them as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for building relationships."

Answer 60

power tools

Question 61

Koenraad Kuiper found that in all-male talk amongst members of a rugby team, men were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face and instead use i _ _ _ _ _ _ as a way of expressing s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 61

insults solidarity

Question 62

In Kuiper's Changing Room Study, what happened to those who showed that they were angered or hurt by the insults?

Answer 62

They were ostracised by the group

Question 63

The Diversity Model opposes ideas of "biological d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ "

Answer 63

determinism

Question 64

According to the Diversity Model, what is language influenced by?

Answer 64

The roles we play in society and the way we interact socially with others.

Question 65

What is the name of Janet Hyde's Hypothesis?

Answer 65

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Question 66

What does Janet Hyde claim in her hypothesis?

Answer 66

That there are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences.

Question 67

What did O'Barr and Atkins discover in their Courtroom Study?

Answer 67

that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but of being powerless.

Question 68

What is the name of O'Barr and Atkins's Study?

Answer 68

The Courtroom Study

Question 69

O'Barr and Atkins discovered that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but are a result of being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 69

Powerless

Question 70

O'Barr and Atkins suggested that the features described by Lakoff as 'Women's Language' should be re-named to?

Answer 70

Powerless Language

Question 71

Deborah Cameron argues that sex difference in language is a _ _ _

Answer 71

myth

Question 72

Cameron argues that women speak more because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means more to women

Answer 72

communication

Question 73

Cameron argues that men use language competitively to gain

Answer 73

status

Question 74

Cameron argues that men and women talk so differently that m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often arises between the sexes

Answer 74

miscommunication

Question 75

Cameron argues that language is a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 75

peformance

Question 76

Cameron used the phrase v _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language and communication to conform to social expectations and norms.

Answer 76

'verbal hygiene'

Question 77

Butler say that gender is not linked to biology. Instead, it is a series of r _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ that imitate expected gender roles and norms that we repeat constantly.

Answer 77

Ritual Acts

Question 78

Butler believes that _ _ _ _ _ _ is constructed through language, not the other way round

Answer 78

Gender

Question 79

Butler claims that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ performances expose the performative nature of femininity

Answer 79

Drag Queen

Question 80

In drag, men perform the gender norms we expect of women. They show that behaviour that seems natural and linked to biology is, in fact a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ determined performance.

Answer 80

Socially

Question 81

In imitating gender, drag reveals the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of gender itself.

Answer 81

imitative

Question 82

Baxter researched the relationship between language, gender and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the workplace.

Answer 82

Leadership

Question 83

Baxter claimed that women are as capable as men of being powerful and can also use language to maintain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 83

Dominance

Question 84

Cameron believes that any noticeable language differences in gender are because of the e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ placed on us by society and not because of biological.

Answer 84

expectations