Gender Theorists (MS)

Question 1

Women speak without thinking and so use more non-fluency features.
Women’s’ vocab is less extensive than men’s.

Answer 1

Otto Jesperson (1922)

Question 2

Deficit Model
Women taught to speak a ‘lesser’ version of English.
Men’s language is more desirable.

Answer 2

Robin Lakoff

Question 3

Sex workers use Lakoff’s features to appear more feminine

Answer 3

Kira Hall

Question 4

Lower class use Lakoff’s features in court.
Features = power, not gender.

Answer 4

O’Barr & Atkins

Question 5

Words gained negative connotations overtime.
Eg., Master and Mistress

Answer 5

Semantic Derogation
Schulz & Lakoff (1975)

Question 6

Women referred by affectionate nominatives predominantly from semantic fields of food and animals .

Answer 6

Janet Holmes (1997)

Question 7

220 insults for promiscuous women Vs 20 for promiscuous men

Answer 7

Julia Stanley (1970s)

Question 8

Culture of a ‘male norm’ results in women being ‘add-ons’.
Eg., Mr and Mrs
(putting Mr first is representative of their societal position)

Answer 8

Dale Spender

Question 9

Men interrupt 96-100% more of the time
(taken from 31 conversations in a coffee shop)

Answer 9

Zimmerman & West

Question 10

There is an equal number of interruptions from both genders
(taken from a corpus 10x more than Zimmerman & West ; their theory was proven wrong)

Answer 10

Geoffrey Beattie

Question 11

Continuums of Difference
-Advice Vs Understanding
-Orders Vs Proposals
-Status Vs Support etc
+ Rapport Vs Report

Answer 11

Deborah Tannen

Question 12

pairs of terms that were historically differentiated by sex alone but gained different connotations overtime.
Eg., Mistress and Master

Answer 12

Semantic Non-equivalencies

Question 13

Verbal Hygiene - to clean the English Language of pejorative and discriminatory words

Answer 13

Deborah Cameron

Question 14

Removing negative connotations of words
Eg., ‘bitch’, ‘gay’, ‘queer’.

Answer 14

Semantic Reclamation