Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Flashcards
What are the 3 distinct states?
a. Sex
b. Gender Social Roles
C. Sexuality
Biological characteristics of men and women that include primary sex characteristics (e.g. chromosomes, gonads, genitals)
Sex
Considered constant across time, different societies, and cultures
Sex
Differentiated roles, behavior, capacities, and intellectual, emotional, and social characteristics attributed by a given culture to women and men
Gender Relations/Gender
Socially - determined; culturally - defined
Gender Relations/Gender
Changes across time and cultures
Gender Relations/Gender
All other differences besides the “strictly biological”
Gender Relations/Gender
Is learned performance imposed by normative heterosexual societies
Gender behavior
Behavior that is compatible with cultural expectations
Gender-Normative
Behaviors that are viewed incompatible with cultural expectations
Gender Non-conformity
People’s interest in attraction to others, as well as their capacity to have erotic experiences and responses
Sexuality
Covers a broad spectrum and can be considered deeply personal
Sexuality
Covers the totality of a person’s physical, emotional, and even spiritual responses. Including thoughts and feelings.
Sexuality
Also encompasses sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
Sexuality
SOGIE
Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Expression
How you define your gender based on how much you align or don’t align with what you understand to be options for gender.
Gender Identity
The ways you present gender through your actions, dress, and demeanor, and how those presentations are interpreted based on gender norms
Gender Expression
The physical sex characteristics you’re born with and develop, including genitalia, body shape, voice pitch, body hair, chromosomes, etc.
Biological Sex
An inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to other people
Sexual Orientation
3 Dimensions of Sexuality
- Sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies;
- Emotional preference, social preference, self-identification; and
- Heterosexual or Homosexual lifestyle
One’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves.
Gender Identity
External appearance of one’s gender identity.
Expressed through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice
Gender Expression
May or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and characteristics typically associated with being either masculine or feminine
Gender Expression
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth
Transgender
The process which some people strive to more closely align their internal knowledge of gender with its outward appearance.
Gender Transition
Some socially transition where they begin dressing, using names and pronouns, and/or be socially recognized as another gender.
Gender Transition
Others undergo physical transitions where they modify their bodies through medical intervention.
Gender Transition
Clinically significant distress caused when a person’s assigned birth gender is not the same as one with which they identify.
Gender Dysphoria
Why do so many women and men seem to conform to society’s gendered expectations?
Gender Socialization
The process through which children learn about the social expectations, attitudes and, behaviors typically associated with boys and girls.
Gender Socialization
Also called as gendering.
Gender Socialization
Processes in Gendered Socialization
- Manipulation
- Canalization
- Verbal Appellation
- Activity Exposure
Handling girls and boys differently
Manipulation
Directing children’s attention to gender-appropriate objects
Canalization
Telling children what they are and what expectations others have of them
Verbal Appellation
Familiarizing children with gender-appropriate tasks
Activity Exposure
Gendering is only possible with the aid of certain institutions such as:
- Family
- Formal Education
- Media
Where we learn how to behave in a particular way based on our traditions, and religions
Family
Differences in disciplining boys ang girls
Formal Education
Difference in terms of subjects offered such as electives, practical arts
Formal Education
Images in text books and visual aids
Formal Education
Framing of exam questions and answers
Formal Education
Consistently portrays women as housewives, and emotionally dependent martyrs
Media
Advertising uses images to convey or reinforce gender stereotypes
Media
Advertising often uses sexualized images to sell male-oriented products
Media
Gendering ensures the practice of:
- Gender roles in society
- Gender-specific roles
- Gender role = socialization
The social and behavior norms which are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex within a particular culture.
Gender roles in society
Often determine the traditional responsibilities and tasks assigned to women, men, girls, and boys
Gender roles in society
Are often conditioned by household structures, access to resources, specific impacts of the global economy, and ecological conditions.
Gender-specific roles
Can evolve over time
Gender-specific roles
Process of learning and internalizing culturally approved ways of thinking, feeling and behaving.
Gender role = socialization
Starts as soon as one is born
Gender role = socialization
Affects all parts of one’s identity by dictating what is acceptable to do (education, background, class, religion, and gender => gender roles develop)
Gender role = socialization
Socialization Regulates our perceptions of genders:
- External Regulations
2. Internalized Self-Control
Various institutions dictation what is proper and normal based on one’s identity.
External Regulations
Can happen through censorship to forms of sexuality (homosexuality)
External Regulations
Subtle forms of control -> microaggression (subtle messages with sexual assumptions behind every action. “Only girly boys do homework”
External Regulations
Because of external regulations imposed by the society, notions on gender are absorbed and internalized social control is formed.
Internalized Self-Control
Can cause a person to restrict himself/herself according to society’s standards and norms
Internalized Self-Control
Consistent practice will affect all aspects of his/her personality -> resulting in the policing of others, expanding, and perpetuating this regulation
Internalized Self-Control
If someone finds himself/herself deviating from what society finds normal, he or she may become deviant and excluded from society.
Internalized Self-Control
Developed when different institutions reinforce a biased perception of certain gender’s role
Gender Stereotypes
Different institutions that reinforce a biased perception of certain gender roles
- Family
- Church
- School
- State
- Media
Limiting if seen as a perspective of a gender’s role rather than descriptive of the many possible roles on can have
Gender Stereotypes
4 Types of Gender Stereotypes
- Sex stereotypes
- Sexual stereotypes
- Sex-role stereotypes
- Compound stereotypes
Generalized view of traits that should be possessed by men and women. Specifically physical and emotional role.
Sex Steroetypes
Assumption regarding a person’s sexuality that reinforce dominant views.
Sexual Stereotypes
Notion on heteronormativity – assumptions that all persons are only attracted to the sex opposite to theirs
Sexual Stereotypes
Encompass the roles that men and women are assigned based on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles.
Sex-Role Stereotypes
Assumptions about a specific group belonging to a gender.
Compound Stereotypes
