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Gender Roles > Gender Roles Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Gender Roles Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gender

A

People’s masculinity/femininity, not physical identity or biological sex.

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2
Q

Sex

A

Biological sex/physical identity

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3
Q

Gender Roles

A

Social functions of people, as society deems appropriate for males or females.
Social views, norms, cultural stereotypes, expectations, activities, sports

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4
Q

How many genders?

A

Male, Female, Transgendered, “Third gender”

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5
Q

How many sexes?

A

Male, Female, Intersexed

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6
Q

How many sexual orientations?

A

Straight, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer…

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7
Q

“Transgender”

A 
Transexual
Transvestite/cross-dresser
Genderqueer
Androgyn
Bigender
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8
Q

“Third gender”

A
  • Berdache or “two-spirited”
  • Hijra/Aruvani of India (not a man, not a woman)
  • Mahu (Hawaii)
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9
Q

Unclear gender in professional athletes?

A 
Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce)
Caster Semenya
Erick Schinegger (formerly Erika)
Dr. Renee Richards (formerly Richard Raskind)
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10
Q

History of Studying Sex Differences

A 
Structuralism (1879-1900ish)
Functionalism (1900-1920)
Behaviourism (1920-
Psychoanalysis (1920ish)
Cognitive Revolution (1950's)
Women's Movement (1960's)
Men's Movement (1970's)
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11
Q

Structuralism

A
  • structure of the conscious mind
  • ignored individual differences
  • excluded women in early research
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12
Q

Functionalism

A
  • how the mind functions
  • individual differences
  • wider variety of subjects
  • Findings supported prevailing cultural roles
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13
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • observable behaviour (learning and memory)

- interest in sex difference decreased (“womanless psychology”)

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14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A
  • Sigmund Freud (penis envy/castration anxiety, development stages)
  • Gendered implications
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15
Q

Cognitive “Revolution”

A
  • Cognitive development theory

- Gender constancy

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16
Q

Two competing views

A 
Minimalist = few important differences
Maximalist = Large fundamental differences
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17
Q

Essentialist view (evolutionary psychology)

A
  • Gender differences are biologically based
  • Resistant to change
  • Males predominate the theory
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18
Q

Biosocial view

A
  • Flexibility in gender-linked differences
  • Associated with social constructionism
  • Females subscribe frequently
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19
Q

Women’s Movement (2nd wave feminism)

A
  • 60’s & 70’s
  • Change in how women were viewed
  • Motivated by civil rights movement, anti war protests
  • Equal pay for equal work, control of reproductive rights, better childcare
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20
Q

Feminist Movement

A
  • Resisted biological essentialism (sex or gender?)
  • Challenged the absence of women in psychological research
  • Led to an awareness of gender issues
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21
Q

“Types” of Feminists

A
  • Liberal feminists (extend women’s rights)
  • Radical feminists (focused on the oppression of women)
  • Cultural feminists (advocate an acceptance of traditionally feminine values)
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22
Q

Men’s Movement

A
  • Goal: study gender roles and inhibitions of traditional masculinity as well as evoking men’s full potential .
  • Changes in women’s roles resulted in men examining their roles: burdened, pro-feminist, objected to dissolution of traditional roles
23
Q

Diversity

A

Sexism rather than racism (women psychologists)

24
Q

Why study gender?

A
  • part of who we are
  • shapes our lives, expectations, opportunities
  • professional understanding
  • one of very few factors that exist in every society
  • progress and measure it over time
25
Q

Pop Psychology

A
  • self-help books
  • talk shows
  • popular magazines
  • advice columnists
26
Q

How science developed

A
  • Science replaced religion in inquiry
  • Empirical observation (gathers evidence)
  • Free of bias
27
Q

Quantitative research

A
  • Turning observation into numbers
  • scientific method used
  • Replicable and data systematic
  • Problem: fails to capture aspects of situations by turning observations, feelings, etc. into numbers
  • Includes descriptive (what?) and experimental (why?) research
28
Q

Qualitative research

A
  • Focusing on the situation
  • Not “true” science”
  • Understanding complexity of situation
  • Interview/focus groups
  • Use “responses” to generate themes
29
Q

Experimental research

A
  • “cause” and “effect”
  • explanations rather than descriptions
  • Most experiments take place in laboratories as opposed to natural settings
30
Q

Experimental design

A

Logic: IV/DV

Key assumption: we can hold all other variables constant

31
Q

Problems with Experiments

A
  • variables need to be specified, measurable, and specific

- representative sample of participants

32
Q

Media Portrayals of Male vs. Female Scientists

A

Women in science is media are portrayed as nerdy or too “bossy.”

33
Q

Sources of Bias in Research

A
  • Framework of science
  • Theories
  • Questions asked (variables, design, hypothesis)
  • Statistical vs. practical significance of results
  • Not likely to publish “no differences”
34
Q

Designing Biased Research

A

Do a survey for men and women to complete, using only information/topic that one gender is more likely to know (sports, childcare, etc.)

35
Q

Challenges Female Scientists Face

A
  • Not taken seriously

- Body image comes first

36
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Generalized beliefs and attitudes about masculinity and femininity

  • psychological traits and characteristics
  • activities appropriate for men or women
37
Q

History of Stereotypes

A
  • The belief that men and women have different interests arose during the Industrial Revolution
  • Doctrine of Two Spheres (Home & children / work & outside world)
38
Q

Assessing Masculinity and Feminitity

A

AIAS & MMPI (Unidimensional Approach - Masculinity/Femininity)
BSRI & PAQ (Dimensional Approach - Low/High)

39
Q

Gender Role Strain

A
  • Occurs when gender-role expectations have negative consequences for the individual
  • occurs when gender role conflicts with personal desire
40
Q

Self role discrepancy theory

A

strain arises when you do not live up to a gender role that society constructed

41
Q

socialized dysfunctional characteristic theory

A

gender roles that society instills are inherently dysfunctional personality characteristics (you’re ok, society’s messed up)

42
Q

Male gender roles

A
  • more contradictory
  • worse consequences
  • inability to express emotions other than anger
43
Q

Female gender role strain

A

Fear of…

  • unemotional relationships
  • physical unattractiveness
  • victimization
  • behaving assertively
  • not being nurturant
44
Q

Explicit vs. Implicit Stereotyping

A
  • Explicit: Consciously aware
  • Implicit: Not consciously aware of biases
  • IAT (Implicit association test)
45
Q

Negative Effects of Stereotypes

A
  • being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one’s group
46
Q

What is sexism?

A

One’s attitudes and/or feelings towards people based on their sex alone

47
Q

Tradition vs. Modern Sexism

A
  • Traditional: Endorsement of traditional gender roles for women and men, and differential treatment.
  • Modern: Denial of existing discrimination towards women, antagonism to women’s demands/needs, resentment towards any preferential treatment for women
48
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A
  • Sigmund Freud
  • innate instincts drive thought/action
  • little evidence to support his theories
    5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
49
Q

Social learning theories

A
  • operant conditioning
  • learned behaviours
  • positive/negative & reinforcement/punishment
  • Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
50
Q

Cognitive theories

A
  • Cognitive Developmental Theory

- Gender Schema Theory

51
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

52
Q

Accommodation

A

Creation of new knowledge or modification of existing knowledge

53
Q

Kohlberg’s 3 stages

A
  • Acquisition of gender identity (2-3 years)
  • Concept of gender stability (by age 4/5)
  • Development of gender constancy (6/7 years)

Gender Roles (3 decks)

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