gender roles, domestic labour and power relationships Flashcards
what is domestic abuse
Physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence thats takes place within a intimate or family relationship. Patters of coercive controlling behaviour.
Sexual abuse -
Neglect -
Physical abuse -
Emotional abuse-
Sexual abuse - Sexual activity that takes place between close family members, particularly between adults and children
Neglect - person’s physical needs for food, cleanliness or warmth are ignored
Physical abuse - domestic violence and refers to actual physical harm, which one family member may
inflict on another
Emotional abuse- refers to how family members may seek to dominate others through constant
ridicule, shaming, rejection or terrorising
What is the dark figure of crime
crimes that are unknown as they are not reported or recorded therefore not accepting that the law has been broken
Domestic abuse figures
- domestic violance accounts for 15% of violent crime
-1/7 women are raped in marriage
-18% of men and 29% of women report abuse
Mirrless black found
-most victims women
-99% of all incidences against women are committed by men
-nearly 1 in 4 women have been assaulted by a partner at some point in there life 1 in 8 report it
-social groups at at heightened chance of facing domestic violence- children, young people, lower social class, live n rented accommodation, drug users
Dabash and dobas
- investigated women in women refuges in Scotland and used police and court records to research domestic violence
-Dabash and Dabash found the violence incidence could be set off by a husband feeling his authors is threatened
-they argue marriage legitimise violence agins women and domestic violence doesn’t happen randomly.
Difficulties in studying domestic violence
- difficult to obtain information
-official police statistical rely on reports they receive form people and the recording of these incidences by police
-with intwerves or questioners people may refuse to participate, misinterpretations, lie, overexagerat, forget
-the researcher may misinterpret the responce
-difficulties in defining domestic violence
-male researcher may receive a different responce to a female
why they stay with an abusive partner
- the victim still loves there abuser think they can change them
-they blame themselves for the violence
-feel they will not be taken seriously
-afraid of repercussions
-victims unwilling to report to the police
-Stephanie Yearnshire 1997 found that on average a woman suffer 35 assaults before making a report. Most likely to go unreported
What Radical feminists think Kate Millet (1970) Shamith firestone (1970 Kathryn Coleman (2007))
-all society founded on patriarct
-Division between men and women men are the enemy’s they oppress and exploit
-Family and marriage instill patriarch men dominate women through DV and threat
-DV helps men keep power and is the main oppressor
-social explanation links patterns of domestic violence to dominate social norms about marriage
-Male dominate insitutiitions explains the reluctance of police and court deal effectible with cases of DV
Cristian Faith Robernson Elliot (1996)
-Men does not benefit from violence agains women
-not all men are aggressive, men oppose DV
-women can also abuse children and abuse there partners
-18% of men have faced DV since they were 16
-Does not explain why women are more likely to be victims there are things that put women at higher risk of DV (also apply to men)
The materialistic explanation Wilinson and Pickett (2010)
-focus on economic and material factors like inequality in income and housing can put people at risk
-fewer resources, low income, overcrowding, money worries, times, no social circle or support leads to high level of stress created conflict as tempers are more frayed
-Does not explain why women are at higher risk
-Says that feminists like Ainsly who say women are the takers of shit in a capitalism society doesn’t explain why all men do not do it and why some women to
how work in the-
Pre-industrial
During the industrial revolution
House work is relatively modern. not any disinguashed form more generic ecominic tasks. Like farm work, tending to animals, baking, various activities of cottage industry
Men became increasingly identified with the public world of production and wage labour. Women confined to private sphere of consumption and the home
parson
argues that the division of labour is based on biological difference
women naturally suite to the nurturing role
division of labour is beneficial to both men and women
men are nautaully suited to being the providers
Wilmot and young
men taking on more domestic tasks women are becoming wage earners
march of progress view the family is improving for all trends towards a symmetric family where there are joint conjcal roles
systematical families are more common amoung younger couples and
majour social change has lead to the rise of the systematical nuclear family like change is women’s positions, geographical mobility, new technology, higher standars of living
there evidence
women now work part time/ full time shared paternity leave stay at home dads. men help with house work and children. couples spend more lesure time together.
Feminists views on the march of progress theory 
the division of labour only benefits men
oakly- rejects match of progress view. mean and women still uneqal with in the family women do most house work. Men see it as ‘helping’ women shows its not symmetrical. responsibility for house work is still women primary role.
exaggerate it symmetry in the family. most husbands are help there wife at least 1 a week this would often simple tasks. This is not conniving to show the family is symmetric.
Sociology of house work- research found evidence of husbands helping in the home but no evidence of symmetry. only 15% of men had high levels of participation in house work and 25% in child care. Huspends help but do the more pleasurable jobs. Wich meant mother missed out on the nice bits
How the pandemic effected women’s rolls
women were 1.5% more likely lose there jobs than men and more likely to have been made redundant. Single mother sound it hard to take on thier roles of working, caring for and teaching there children giving up there jobs to care for there children and struggling with the little money they had. there was also limited childcare available after to help them get back to work after.
Power in Relationship
There is inequality in who does what, but also who get what
are family resources shared and this is linked to who controls family finances.
Barrett and McIntosh (1991)
Men providing financial support comes with ‘strings attached’. Men are more likely to make decisions on spending on important
items.
Women and money
Research shows that in many households women have no entitlement to a share of household resources. For example: Kempson (1994) found that women in low-income families often denied their own needs (eg, had small meals) to make ends meet. Any money spent on the self leads to feelings
of guilt. It should be spent on children etc.
Pahl and Vogler
It may be assumed that pooling indicates greater equality in
decision-making and control of resources, especially when both partners work full-time.
Pahl and Vogler (2007) found that even when there was pooling, the men usually made the major financial decisions.
Cohabiting couples were less likely to pool their money, yet these couples are more likely to share domestic tasks equally, than married couples.
Hardill
30 dual-career professional couples found that important decisions were usually taken either by the man alone or jointly , and that the man’s career took priority when deciding whether to move house fora new job.
A ‘personal life’ perspective on money
Money may have a different meaning for different families, therefore we cannot assume that one partner controlling the money is a sign of inequality.
Smart (2007) In gay couples, it was found that individuals gave no meaning or importance to who controlled the money- they were happy for their partners to do this.
Weeks (2001) People will pool some money and have separate accounts or personal spending. This maintains a sense of independence (like Vogler et al).
Edgell
Edgell study of professional couples found that very important decisions were usually made by the man, eg finance, change of job, house move.
Important decisions, eg child’s education, holidays were usually taken jointly but rarely by the
women alone
Less important decisions, home décor, children’s clothes usually made by the wife
Edgell says men make the decisions because they earn more. Women have less say.
Rosmary Crampon (2008) 2 different explanations for the inequality in the division of labour
The culture or ideological explanation of equality- division of labour is determined by patriarchal norms and values and shaoed by gender roles in our culture
The material or economic explanation of inequality- as women are pain less they should do more housework and child are while men make money
Laurie and Gershuny (1995) 70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions. Though this may be because these women were higher earning and well qualified and so have a more equal say.
Change from the family they grew up in to the family they have now
Gershugu (1994)
Man Yee Kan (2001)
couple who parents had equal relationship are more likely to be equal in there roles. parental role model are important. Social values are gradually adapting to how women are now working full time.
young men do more house work. they say they do more than there fathers did and mothers do less than there mothers did
Gillian Dunne (1999) Lesbian couples
studied 37 lesbian couples with dependant children found they are more equal. this is due to they are no under the same pressure as homesexual couples to have masculine and feminine gender scripts.
Material explanation
Sullivian
if women are doing more payed work the they will do less house work.
Sullivian- full time makes a diffrace from part time in terms of how much domestic work each partner does. She says this is because she is stating to ear a closer amount to the man
Dennis Marden (1995)
support by Emotional work
women preform a tipple shift. House work, paid work, emotional wellbeing and happiness of the family.
Arlie Russle (2013)- ‘emotional work’ have to manage families emotions keep everyone happy. and keep there own needs under controll.
Elizabeth bot (1957)
functionalist carried out research in working class found they had segregated work women do most the child care and house work. men were the bread winners.
middle class- joint conjacal roles shares house work, childcare, lesure time. more likely to experience geographical mobility less influence form extended family.
