Demographics Flashcards
dependency ration
-the average number of economically dependant people per 100 economically productive people for a given area at a specific time
Births
-Birth rate the number of live births per thousand of population per year
-long term decline in the number of births since 1900 28.7 compared to 12.2 in 2014
Population
-current population nearly 68 million
-population changes due to natural causes (more births than deaths)
-Growth has come through net migration more immigration (entering a new country to live permanently) that emigration (leaving your country to settle preeminently in another)
Baby boom
The increases in the birth rate in the UK are known as ‘baby booms’.
Baby booms occurred after:
WW2 as couples started families following separation,
In the 1960’s as living standards rose (sexual revolution)
2000’s as women who had delayed having children until they were older began having families.
Reason for change in birth rates
Changing role of women
Education of women. Lead to a change in there mind-set. They see other possibilities other than traditional house wife and mother role. may dely or not have children due to career. As there has been pattern over generations of few children is become a cultural norm and larger families seen as deviant/ less accesible.
Reason for change in birth rates
Children are an economic liability
till the 19th century children were an economic asset they could be sent to work from an early age to earn money. Since laws changed like banning child labour, compulsory education children remain economically dependent on parents for longer and the cost of raising a child has risen
Reason for change in birth rates
IMR Infant mortality rate
The number of infants who die before their 1st birthday per thousand babies born a year. in 1900 the IMR was 155 (15%) of babies. IMR has fallen is improved housing, better sanitation and nutrition, better knowledge of child hygiene and well being, improved services for mother and child e.g.g postnatal clinics
Future birth rates
Birth rates, fertility rates (average number of children that are born to a woman over her life span) and family size has decreed over the last century. was a significant increase in 2001. This being due to an increase in migrants mother outside the uk often have a higher fetility rate. (made up 25% of birth in 2011) the birth rate is thought to level out in the future
different in Asian and British families
Family size has declined appart from in Asian families.
Westwood and Bhacha (1988)
Asian families on average have 4.6 children compared to the conventional nuclear family of 2.4 in the 1980s.
what does smaller family size lead to
women are free to go out to work leading to more duel career families. 60% of nuclear families are now duel career. More finically stable couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare which allows for work.
Evaluation of the changing birth rates
Gender quake Wilkinson
The upheaval of traditional gender roles and patterns of behaviour, in particular changes in women’s participation in the labour market.
Liberal feminists – support the decline in birth more freedom motherhood is no longer an obligation – march of progress view
Evaluation of the changing birth rates new rights
Mothers not being at home mean children are not socialize proper case problems in society
Better job opportunities for females and contraception have led to the decline of the traditional nuclear family. Decline in moral standards
What has lead to a Decline in Death rates
Mackcoen Improvement of living standards
Death rate the rate of deaths to the population usually calculated as the number of deaths per 1 thousand people per year
Improved education- more knowledge of hygiene. People take more responsibility to avoid health threading behaviour and adopting more healthy life styles
Improvement of health care- life expectancy increased introduction NHS, mass vaccination of all children under 15 more medication and treatment being created to prolong life
The introduction of the welfare state- access to free medical care, social services and welfare payments provide a safety net for those at risk of I’ll health
Mackcoen- raise of wages life’s people out of poverty afford better housing & food well ventilated housing for poor people helped reduce tuberculosis highest killer of the poor in the 19th century. Introduction of public health initiatives such as clean water public sewage sanitation schemes reduced number of people dying from water born diseases
Life expectancy definition
The average lifespan of each individual living in a particular society. It has ridden over time. Women live longer than men gap has smaller due to change in employment and lifestyle.
Ageing population
-Average age of Uk population rising
-Fewer younger people than old people
-Number of people aged 65 & above equals number of those aged under 15 for the fist time in 2014
Problem increasing aging, population on public services
-the government is concerned that the dependant elderly will soon outnumber tax-paying workers and the state may not be able to afford to pay for the healthcare and pension of an aging population.
-Coaltion government increased pensonable age to 66
and is likely to increase to 70
-Donald Hirsch (2005)- social polices need to change to tackle aging population.
-main problem how to finance a longer period of old age to takle this put more of our savings on taxes while we are working or work longer
-Hirsch recognise these polices changes also requires cultual change in our attitudes towards old age old age is a social construct not fixed part biological fact
One person households
increased adely people living alone when partners pass away
-2013 14% of house holds consisted of an old person living alone ()woman
-Chambers ‘feminisation of later life’
-Donald Hirsch -Housing polices change to encorage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller accommodation free up housing for young people.
The effect of an aging population
Ageism- stereotype unequal treatment of people based on there age. Discrimination in employment unequal treatment in health care. caused by the problem of cost of pension or health care for the aderly. Modern society- sociologus argue ageism is a result of ‘structured dependency’. old are excluded from payed work excluded by compulsory retirement become economically dependant and have a stigma attached to them.
Phillipson Marxist- old are no use to capitalism as thye are no longer producers. State unwilling to suppoer them so female family members do instead.
bean pole families & extended families
-Brannen (2003) decrease in birth rates and rise in life expectancy has led to the bean pole family
-relationship between grandparents and grandchildren become more important
-Ross (2005) grandparents now play a major role in the economic maitance of the nuclear family and primary socialization of children)
Blalkie (1999)
-Growing number of empty nesters and more affluent retirees has led to changed view of the adely. Adely are seen as boosting the economy as they have disposable income
reasons for migration
-push factor- war, poverty, lack of jobs, oppressed government
-pull factor- welfare state, good jobs, higher standards of living
-globalisation- how easy it is to move between countrys due to transport and multi-national political oginisations such as the EU allows freedom of movement.
-11% of migrants accounted as asylum seekers refugees
-Immigration to UK 42% from Asian countrys 29% from European union 60% non European
-Legislation and border- countrys reducing boarder controls and therefore encourage higher levels of immigration if they have a particular skill shortage in the economy.
The affects of increase migration
-Berthound over 50% of African American Caribbean families are headed by a single parent where as Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are most likely to be nuclear or extended.
-African- Caribbean family increase trend of women who choosing to raise children alone due to struggle men find with employment. They have more support network in there community other than blood ties
Cohen- 3 types of migrant identity
Citizen- with full citizenship rights (voting and access to befits since 1970s the uk state made this harder to acquire)
Denizens- Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. billionaires or highly paid
Helots- most exploited groups start & employers regard them as ‘disposable units of labour power’ found in unskilled poorly pain work life illegal trafficking e.g. domestic servants
Feminisation of migration
1/2 of all global migrant are female. they fit into patriarchal stereotypes like woman’s roles are to be carers or provide sexual services. 40% of adult care nures are migrants and female.
Migran women enter countrys as “mail order” brides increasing (purchase of intimacy). Enter the Uk illegally through trafficking sex workers kept in poor slavery conditions.
Eriken-
Assimilation Multi culture
shallow diversity Deep diversity
Assimilation policies encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host country. Eriksen notes assimilation polices face a problem of migrants with hybrid identities they do not want to abandon there culture to see themselves as belonging to just 1 national state. Multiculture is is acceping migrants want to keep a separate identity. What they accept may depend on cultural diversity Eriken distinguished 2 types-
shallow diversity- such as regarding chicken tikka masala as british national dish acceptable to the state
Deep diversity- Such as arranged marriage or the veiling of women not accepted to the state.
Eriksen (2007) - Migrants are unlikely to see themselves as being part of one country and culture, because they move backwards and forwards through different networks: ‘transnational neither/or identities’
