Demographics- paper 2

Question 1

Birth rate

Total fertility rate

infant mortality rate

dependency ration

death rate

immigration

emigration

Answer 1

-the number of live births per thousand of population per year.
-average number of children that are born to a woman over her life span.
-the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age expressed per thousand live births
-the average number of economically dependant people per 100 economically productive people for a given area at a specific time
-the rate of deaths to the population usually calculated as the number of deaths per 1 thousand people per year
-the process of moving to a new country region with intentions of staying/ living there
-leaving your country to settle preeminently in another.

Question 2

Births

Answer 2

-long term decline in the number of births since 1900 28.7 compared to 12.2 in 2014
-birth rate fell sharply in 1970’s
-stared to rase again in 1980’s
-fell in 1990’s
some increase since 2001

Question 3

Population

Answer 3

-1801- 10.5 million
-1901- 37 million
-current population nearly 68 million
-population changes due to natural causes (more births than deaths)
-Growth has come through net migration (more immigration that emigration)

Question 4

Reason for change in birth rates

Answer 4

-Changes in the position of women
-Decline in the infant mortality rate
-Children are now an economic liability
-Child centredness

Question 5

Evaluation of the changing birth rates

Answer 5

-Liberal feminists – support the decline in birth. Helen Wilkinson ‘genderquake’ – motherhood is
no longer an obligation – march of progress view
-Why might women want to be child free- Gillespie pull (freedom/better relationships) and push factors (parenting contradicts with
career/leisure interests)
-New Right – better job opportunities for females and contraception have led to the decline of the traditional nuclear family
-Decline in moral standards

Question 6

Reasons for a decline in birth rates

Answer 6

change in women’s positions
decline in infant mortality rate
children now a economic liability
childcentrness

Question 7

Baby boom

Answer 7

The increases in the birth rate in the UK are known as ‘baby booms’.
Baby booms occurred after:
WW2 as couples started families following separation, In the 1960’s as living standards rose (sexual revolution), in the 2000’s as women who had delayed having children until they were older began having families.

Question 8

Harper main reason for decline in mortality rates

Answer 8

Education of women. Lead to a change in there mind-set. They see other possibilities other than traditional house wife and mother role. may dely or not have children due to career. As there has been pattern over generations of few children is become a cultural norm and larger families seen as deviant/ less accesible.

Question 9

Children are an economic liability

Answer 9

till the 19th century children were an economic asset they could be sent to work from an early age to earn money. Since laws changed like banning child labour, compulsory education children remain economically dependent on parents for longer and the cost of raising a child has risen

Question 10

Future birth rates

Answer 10

birth rates, fertility rates and family size has decreed over the last century. was a significant increase in 2001. This being due to an increase in migrants mother outside the uk often have a higher fetility rate. (made up 25% of birth in 2011) the birth rate is thought to level out in the future

Question 11

IMR
Infant mortality rate

Answer 11

the number of infants who die before there 1st birthday per thousand babies born a year. in 1900 the IMR was 155 (15%) of babies. In 1014 the highest was in Afganists 117. the resat IMR has fallen is improved housing, better sanitation and nutrition, better knowledge of child hygiene and well being, improved services for mother and child e.g.g postnatal clinics

Question 12

different in Asian and British families

Answer 12

family size has declined appart from in Asian families.
Westwood and Bhacha (1988)
Asian families on average have 4.6 children compared to the conventional nuclear family of 2.4 in the 1980s.

Question 13

what does smaller family size lead to

Answer 13

women are free to go out to work leading to more duel career families. 60% of nuclear families are now duel career. More finically stable couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare which allows for work.

fall in the number of children leads to a fall in the burden of decency on the working population. In the long term this may reverse. Childhood may become lonlier (less siblings). Increase in aeging population

Question 14

Gender quake Wilkinson

Answer 14

the upheaval of traditional gender roles and patterns of behaviour, in particular changes in the extent and form of women’s participation in the labour market.

Question 15

views of liberal and new rights to decrease in children

Answer 15

liberal- support women having more freedom and choice

new right- mothers not being at home mean children are not socialize proper case problems in society

Question 16

What has lead to a Decline in Death rates

Answer 16

Improved education- more knowledge of hygiene lead to people taking more responsibility for avoiding health threading behaviour and adopting more hygiene iv healthy life styles
Improvement of health care- life expectancy has increased before introduction of the NHS in 1948 due to public health measures. In 1958 the NHS introduced max vaccination of all children under 15 more medication and treatment being created to prolong life
The introduction of the welfare state- access to free medical care provided by NHS as well as social services and welfare payments provide a safety net for those at risk of I’ll health
Improvement of living standards- Mackcoen (1976) raise of wages life’s people out of poverty afford better housing & food well ventilated housing fir poor people helped reduce tuberculosis highest killer of the poor in the 19th century. Introduction of public health initiatives such as clean water public sewage sanitation schemes reduced number of people dying from water born diseases

Question 17

Life expectancy definition

Answer 17

The average lifespan of each individual living in a particular society. It has ridden over time. Women live longer than men gap has smaller due to change in employment and lifestyle. Working class men in unskilled or routine jobs are nearly 3x as likely to due begins they are 65 compared with men in marginal or professional careers.

Question 18

Ageing population

Answer 18

-average age of Uk population 1971- 31 2020-40.4
-fewer younger people than old people
-number of people aged 65 & above equals number of those aged under 15 for the fist time in 2014
-Age pyramid use to illustrate the changes ()Hirsch 2005

Question 19

public services and the dependency ratio

Answer 19

-the government is concerned that the dependant elderly will soon outnumber tax-paying workers and the state may not be able to afford to pay for the healthcare and pension ofan aging population.
-Griffiths reports (1983)- cost of aderly care will escalate.
Baby boon generation though to retire the same age
-Coaltion government increased pensonable age to 66
and is likely to increase to 70

Question 20

One person households

Answer 20

increased adely people living alone when partners pass away
-2013 14% of house holds consisted of an old person living alone ()woman
-Chambers ‘feminisation of later life’

Question 21

bean pole families & extended families

Answer 21

-Brannen (2003) decrease in birth rates and rise in life expectancy has led to the bean pole family
-relationship between grandparents and grandchildren become more important
-Ross (2005) grandparents now play a major role in the economic maitance of the nuclear family and primary socialization of children)

Question 22

The effect of an aging population

Answer 22

Ageism- stereotype unequal treatment of people based on there age. Discrimination in employment unequal treatment in health care. caused by the problem of cost of pension or health care for the aderly
Modern society- sociologus argue ageism is a result of ‘structured dependency’. old are excluded from payed work excluded by compulsory retirement become economically dependant and have a stigma attached to them. Phillipson (1982) Marxist- old are no use to capitalism as thye are no longer producers. State unwilling to suppoer them so female family members do instead.

Question 23

Impact of aging on polices

Answer 23

• Donald Hirsch (2005)- social polices need to change to tackle aging population.
  -main problem how to finance a longer period of old age
  -to takle this put more of our savings on taxes while we are working or work longer
  -Housing polices change to encorage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller accommodation free up housing for young people.
• Hirsch recognise these polices changes also requires cultual change in our attitudes towards old age old age is a social construct not fixed part biological fact

Question 24

Blalkie (1999)

Answer 24

-growing number of empty nesters and more affluent retirees has led to changed view of the adely. Adely are seen as boosting the economy as they have disposable income

Question 25

reasons for migration

Answer 25

-push factor- war, poverty, lack of jobs, oppressed government
-pull factor- welfare state, good jobs, higher standards of living
-globalisation- how easy it is to move between countrys due to transport and multi-national political rginisations such as the EU allows freedom of movement.
Legislation and border- countrys reducing boarder controls and therefore encourage higher levels of immigration if they have a particular skill shortage in the economy higher levels of immigration if they have a particular skill shortage in the economy.

Question 26

Implications of increased net migration

cultural diversity African Caribbean in family structure

Answer 26

-Berthound over 50% of African American- Caribbean families are headed by a single parent where as Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are most likely to be nuclear or extended.
-Chamber & Goulbourn (2001)-reasurched African- Caribbean family structure argue there is an increase trend to African- Caribbean women who choose to raise children alone due to struggle men find with employment. They have more support network in there community other than blood ties

Question 27

Patterns of migration 1990-2000
2 peaks

2000’s onwards

Answer 27

-1930-1940- 200000 refuges fled from europe to escape the effects of Nazi Occupation & pesicution
-1950’s immigration of british subjects from from british colonies- Caribbean, india, Bangladeshi
-This migration was encouraged by british government to restore labour shortage in unskilled and poorly pain position.

-Net migration reached record levels when the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Slovakia and Slovenia joined the EU in 2004 and Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007.

Question 28

Sociological sources are dated

why are were do immigrants come from

Answer 28

they suggest net migration fluctuated between 180,000-250,000 but we have already seen 685,000 in 2023.

In 2023 84000 people migrated to the uk were asylum seekers 42000 were Ukrainians arriving under bespoke skeems. 4000 were resettled or relocated to the uk and 10,000 were granted refugee family reunion via.

Although 11% of migrants accounted as asylum seekers/ refugees (414000 individuals in total)

Immigration to UK 42% from Asian countrys 29% from European union 60% non European

Question 29

Cohen- 3 types of migrant identity

Answer 29

Citizen- with full citizenship rights (voting and access to befits since 1970s the uk state made this harder to acquire)

Denizens- Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g. billionaires or highly paid

Helots- most exploited groups start & employers regard them as ‘disposable units of labour power’ found in unskilled poorly pain work life illegal trafficking e.g. domestic servants

Question 29

Feminisation of migration

Answer 29

1/2 of all global migrant are female. they fit into patriarchal stereotypes like woman’s roles are to be carers or provide sexual services. 40% of adult care nures are migrants and female. (Isabell Shates report 2011) Migran women enter countrys as “mail order” brides increasing (purchase of intimacy) . Enter the Uk illegally through trafficking sex workers kept in poor slavery conditions.

Question 30

Eriken-

Assimilation Multi culture

shallow diversity Deep diversity

Answer 30

Assimilation police encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host country. Eriksen notes assimilation polices face a problem of migrants with hybrid identities they do not want to abandon there culture to see themselves as belonging to just 1 national state. Multiculture is is acceping migrants want to keep a separate identity. What they accept may depend on cultural diversity Eriken distinguished 2 types-
shallow diversity- such as regarding chicken tikka masala as british national dish acceptable to the state
Deep diversity- Such as arranged marriage or the veiling of women not accepted to the state.

Eriksen (2007) - Migrants are unlikely to see themselves as being part of one country and culture, because they move backwards and forwards through different networks: ‘transnational neither/or identities’