Gender Representation Flashcards
Masculine behaviour traits
Strong, decisive, commanding
Feminine behaviour traits
Emotional, sensitive, cares about appearance
How do Mills and Boone novels portray women?
As the typical stereotypes, mistresses with domestic novels
In Mills and Boone novels, how are men portrayed?
Wealthy and strong
What is the John and Joan McKay study?
Where female students were given 2 sets of booklets containing the same article, but due to one being written by a male, it was seen as better
What was Shirley Russell’s theory? (1993)
The use of masculine pronouns helps to render women as invisible in public life. She said that women who give up their own name and take on their husbands, loses their identity, making them share what identity they have with their husband
What are some examples of the generic terms of the word ‘man’?
Mankind
Last man standing
Man up
Man down
King size bed
How do everyday terms change our perception of society?
Everyday terms change our perceptions of the sexes as well as children’s perceptions- and society no longer see women as equals
What is the feminist theory?
The feminist theory refers to the generic use of nouns and pronouns as “the male-as-the-norm-syndrome” and this renders women invisible in language
What was Norman Fairclough’s theory? (1989)
The theory of how human beings are exploited through language. He believed that power, ideology and language operate in harmony- he claims that “language connects with the social through being the primary domain of ideology and a stake in, struggles for power”
What is linguistic determination?
The way we speak completely determines how we see the world
What is linguistic relativity?
The way we speak and the language we use influences the way we think about reality
What is the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis?
It states that the language we use influences the way we see the world but does not fully determine it.
Provided the example that eskimos have up to 76 words for snow whereas we only use one ‘snow’
What are gendered metaphors?
Metaphors which become dead metaphors, so people overlook the the coded messages in them
What does Caitlin Hines talk about in (1992)?
She talks about women and how they are compared to desserts in everyday metaphors, it is used so much that it becomes a dead metaphor and has large psychological effects
What are some examples of desserts in which women are compared to?
Cake
Cookie
Sugar
Honey
What did Claudine Herrmann say about the desert metaphor for women?
“A micro language filled with winks and allusions”
What is a marked term?
Adding something to a word to make it stand out as unusual from norm, such as family man, male nanny, female doctor and male nurse
What is a Schultz?
A female equivalent of a term usually takes on diminutive connotations
What is non-sexist language?
Changes in language which has made the representation of the sexes fairer
When was the sex discrimination act?
1975
what did the sex discrimination act do?
Made it illegal to advertise a job in a way which implied only one sex can apply
What are some examples of gender neutral nouns?
Head teacher- instead of headmaster/headmistress
Flight attendant- air steward/stewardess
Police officer- policeman/policewoman
What did Julia Stanley say (1997) in regards to negative semantic space?
Women occupy negative semantic space cause of marked forms that exist to describe female equivalents of male roles
Quoting that female surgeons and lady doctors as well as more conventional marked forms through affixing to claim that we are unable to move into positive space occupied by men as will always carry mark of femaleness and inequality with them
