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Language > Gender Representation > Flashcards

Gender Representation Flashcards

1
Q

Masculine behaviour traits

A

Strong, decisive, commanding

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2
Q

Feminine behaviour traits

A

Emotional, sensitive, cares about appearance

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3
Q

How do Mills and Boone novels portray women?

A

As the typical stereotypes, mistresses with domestic novels

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4
Q

In Mills and Boone novels, how are men portrayed?

A

Wealthy and strong

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5
Q

What is the John and Joan McKay study?

A

Where female students were given 2 sets of booklets containing the same article, but due to one being written by a male, it was seen as better

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6
Q

What was Shirley Russell’s theory? (1993)

A

The use of masculine pronouns helps to render women as invisible in public life. She said that women who give up their own name and take on their husbands, loses their identity, making them share what identity they have with their husband

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7
Q

What are some examples of the generic terms of the word ‘man’?

A

Mankind
Last man standing
Man up
Man down
King size bed

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8
Q

How do everyday terms change our perception of society?

A

Everyday terms change our perceptions of the sexes as well as children’s perceptions- and society no longer see women as equals

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9
Q

What is the feminist theory?

A

The feminist theory refers to the generic use of nouns and pronouns as “the male-as-the-norm-syndrome” and this renders women invisible in language

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10
Q

What was Norman Fairclough’s theory? (1989)

A

The theory of how human beings are exploited through language. He believed that power, ideology and language operate in harmony- he claims that “language connects with the social through being the primary domain of ideology and a stake in, struggles for power”

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11
Q

What is linguistic determination?

A

The way we speak completely determines how we see the world

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12
Q

What is linguistic relativity?

A

The way we speak and the language we use influences the way we think about reality

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13
Q

What is the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis?

A

It states that the language we use influences the way we see the world but does not fully determine it.
Provided the example that eskimos have up to 76 words for snow whereas we only use one ‘snow’

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14
Q

What are gendered metaphors?

A

Metaphors which become dead metaphors, so people overlook the the coded messages in them

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15
Q

What does Caitlin Hines talk about in (1992)?

A

She talks about women and how they are compared to desserts in everyday metaphors, it is used so much that it becomes a dead metaphor and has large psychological effects

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16
Q

What are some examples of desserts in which women are compared to?

A

Cake
Cookie
Sugar
Honey

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17
Q

What did Claudine Herrmann say about the desert metaphor for women?

A

“A micro language filled with winks and allusions”

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18
Q

What is a marked term?

A

Adding something to a word to make it stand out as unusual from norm, such as family man, male nanny, female doctor and male nurse

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19
Q

What is a Schultz?

A

A female equivalent of a term usually takes on diminutive connotations

20
Q

What is non-sexist language?

A

Changes in language which has made the representation of the sexes fairer

21
Q

When was the sex discrimination act?

A

1975

22
Q

what did the sex discrimination act do?

A

Made it illegal to advertise a job in a way which implied only one sex can apply

23
Q

What are some examples of gender neutral nouns?

A

Head teacher- instead of headmaster/headmistress
Flight attendant- air steward/stewardess
Police officer- policeman/policewoman

24
Q

What did Julia Stanley say (1997) in regards to negative semantic space?

A

Women occupy negative semantic space cause of marked forms that exist to describe female equivalents of male roles
Quoting that female surgeons and lady doctors as well as more conventional marked forms through affixing to claim that we are unable to move into positive space occupied by men as will always carry mark of femaleness and inequality with them

25
Q

What is semantic derogation?

A

when lexical items have negative connotations and meanings associated with them.

26
Q

How many words are there to describe women vs men as being promiscuous?

A

220 for women
20 for men

Difference of 200

27
Q

What does the A-symmetry of marked terms do?

A

For women they often are referred to as semantic derogation as terms carrying negative connotations but male ones carry positive positive connotations

28
Q

What did Dale Spender say in her 1980 book Man Made Language?

A

“Only real names belong to men, since handed down from father to son, without male, it dies out”

29
Q

What did Shirley Russel 1993 say about marriage titles?

A

“Practice of giving up their own identity, and taking on their husbands robs women of a public identity… have an identity, it is shared with their husbands”

30
Q

what did Dale Spender say about names in her book ‘man made language’? (1980)

A

‘only real names belong to men… without a male heir a family die out’

31
Q

what’s patriarchal society?

A

where the law is controlled by men/ the church
the rules are dictated and it’s believed that women are more caring and stay at home whilst men make money and work

32
Q

what rules were stated around gender representation?

A

1553- agreed more natural for men to come before women
1746- John Kirkby wrote 88 grammatical rules (one was that male terms should always be understood to include female.)
rule 21 said male gender more comprehensive than female

33
Q

what act was passed in parliament in 1850?

A

“he” should be used for both sexes- these constructions naturally affected language

34
Q

what did Lakoff say about the 1850’s act?

A

should we be surprised women hedge? they have been naturally oppressed for centuries

35
Q

what was the 1975 sexual discrimination act?

A

illegal to advertise for one sex only

36
Q

what was the 2006/2010 equality act?

A

no discrimination in the workplace or wider society (2010) no discrimination on any basis- including gender

37
Q

what is order of precedence?

A

Placing male terms first

38
Q

Asymmetry of power in marriage titles

A

Mr- closed status
Miss/Mrs- open status (know their title)

39
Q

Facebook survey/daily mail article

A

38% women hold onto their maiden names after marriage
62% of wives in the 20’s take husbands name
74% of them are women in their 30s and 88% in their 60s

40
Q

Gender rep in TV adverts

A

Gender stereotypes are strongest in ads due to male and female audiences
In ads men gain more authority but as women age they disappears

41
Q

Gender rep in children adverts

A

Feature both boys and girls, boys ads are aggressive and loud whereas girls are soft and playful

42
Q

Let toys be toys campaign

A

Stereotyped marketing to children to see how boys and girls represented in TV ads for toys in Britain

43
Q

What did jess day say

A

Research shows marketing influences kids and how we must ask selves if we are “happy with corporate interests dictating your children”

44
Q

Difference theory

A

Differences in how men and women talk

45
Q

Order vs proposals

A

Males use imperatives
Females hidden directives

46
Q

Political correctness

A

More gender-neutral nouns/terms to replace gender pairs- police officer/ police man

Language (7 decks)

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