Gender Inequalities Flashcards
Gender Role Socialisation (Oakley)
Liberal
-Primary socialisation is a cause of gender inequality,with children being manipulated and canalised into gender appropriate behaviour and roles.
Genderquake (Wilkinson)
Liberal
-Seismic cultural change in women’s attitudes-Willing to priorities education and career over family
-In conjunction to decline in manual labour jobs and crisis in masculinity,feminisation of the labour market has occurred.
Legisalation and Representation
Liberal
-Women have greater progress in terms of the acquisition of Economic power through careers.
-Equal opportunities (Equality Act 2010)
-This has arguably led to patriarchal scarification being in decline and is evident in pay gap.
Reserve army of labour (Benston)
Marxist
-Women are more likely to have children and work part-time.
-Economic Boom=Hired
-Economic Recession=Fired
Domestic labour serves the needs of capitalism (Benston)(Zaretsky)
Marxist
-Women play a central role in the family through their domestic labour which serves the needs of capitalism.
-Reproduces the next generation of workers and socialises them into norms+values which benefit capitalism.
Triple Shift (Dunscombe & Marsden)
Marxist
-Women hold down full-time paid jobs,are primarily responsible for domestic labour and take care of husbands and child’s emotional well-being.
Lagged adaptation (Gershuny)
Marxist
-Women’s roles have changed more quickly that men’s.
-Men are less likely to accept this change.
Sandwich Generation (Henrietta & Grundy)
Marxist
-Older middle-aged women,who have taken on the responsibility of caring for older relatives and adult children returning home.
Patriarchal ideology (Oakley)
Radical
-Clearly prescribes proscribes particular types of masculine and feminine behaviour that aims to reinforce patriarchal stratification.
Biological Element (Firestone)
Radical
-It is women who carry,give birth to and feed a child,and this has contributed to their position in society and inability to contribute economically.
Patriarchal Terrorism (Johnson)
Radical
-When Patriarchal Ideology fails,men use patriarchal terrorism in the form of violence,sexual aggression and economic subordination against women to control them and maintain their domination
Compulsory heterosexuality (Rich)
Radical
-Men use patriarchal ideology to enforce compulsory heterosexuality as a way to maintain their control and prevent women from separating from men into women only groups.
Familiar Exploitation (Delphy & Leonard)
Radical
-Men are major beneficiaries of both marriage and family life because women contribute more but get less benefits.
Misogyny & Gendered Cyberhate (Bates)
(Jane)
Postmodernist
-Growing trend of unacceptable sexual behaviour that has become normalised by society,including catcalling to other casual harassment.
Empowerment (Cochrane) (Bates)
Postmodernist
-Digital forms of communication have given women greater levels of empowerment (Cochrane).
-The presence meant their voices are no longer muted and this has led to legal+social change.
Criticisms of Liberal
-Not all Feminists see patriarchal stratification as in decline as Vertical Segregation in the workplace still exists
-Gender Pay Gap =7.7%
-Marxist and Radical Feminists claim Liberal Feminists fail to explain why men have more power than women.
Criticisms of Marxist perspective
-Does not take choice of how females interpret their social situation into consideration.Hakim’s preference theory argues that women can simply choose to be housewives.
-Fails to explain why ,if women are cheaper to employ,Capitalist class do not replace male workforce for a female one.
-A little dated as it does not account for things such as Genderquake.
Criticisms of Radical Perspective
-Portrays women as passively accepting their subordinate position but modern women reject this notion that they should be subordinate to men.
-Dated-does not account for recent social and economic changes.
-Over-exaggerate the exploitation of women in the family.(Somerville) believes that male-female relationships are often based off mutual love and respect instead of exploitation and domination.
Instrumental v Expressive roles (Parsons)
Functionalism
-Men+ Women have desperate social roles that are based on biological differences which help to maintain social order and stability.
-Men=Instrumental
-Women=Expressive
Human capital theory (Rastogi)
Functionalist
-Men+Women serve different roles and functions in society and are rewarded differently.
-Sees Human Capital as Knowledge,Competency,Attitude and Behaviour embedded in a person.
Criticism of Functionalist Feminist Perspective
-(Olsen & Walby) argue that the main cause of women’s low pay is ‘systematic disadvantage in acquiring Human Capital.
-Liberal Feminists such as (Oakley) argue that gender roles are socially constructed rather than biological.
Return to Nuclear Family (Murray)
New Right
-Concerned that changes in gender roles related to family diversity,such as the increase in line-parent families,dual career families and same sex families have led to social problems.
-Children who live in like-parent families lead by women miss out on the clearly defined roles of the father as the breadwinner+disciplinarian.
Criticisms of New Right Perspective
-Seen as dated as it ignores the increasing number of people who choose to adopt non-traditional gender roles (Eg. Complicit Masculinity) and report those as positive experiences.
Ownership of Private Property (Engels)
Marxist
-(Engels)-Claimed that Nuclear Family oppresses women,reducing them to their single role of child-making.Men face no restrictions.
-Women are controlled by capitalism to ensure that private property+wealth in healthy families could be efficiently handed down the male line.
